mohammad h. ebrahimzadeh

Over the past few decades, the engineering of helical, spring, curled, and hierarchically structured nano/microfibers has attracted considerable attention due to their unique characteristics and potential applications in tissue engineering and various industrial fields. Understandin g the parameters and processes involved in the fabrication of these fibers is essential. This comprehensive review outlines recent advancements in research on helical nano/microfibers, focusing on processing techniques, fiber structure, and property characterization, and their applications in fields such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The study also investigates the mechanical and hydrodynamic parameters that influence the fabrication of helical fibers using contemporary techniques. It hig hlights that helical structures form when electric and elastic forces are balanced due to non -uniform electric fields. The coaxial electrospinning technique, along with the use of polymers with varying elastic and conductive properties, plays a crucial role in producing these structures. The distinctive properties of helical nanofibers, such as their mechanical strength, high porosity, biocompatibility, and ability to promote cellular activities, make them promising candidates for developing scaffolds in bo ne tissue engineering. Level of evidence: III

The survey conducted at the 2024 biennial meeting of the Iranian Society of Knee Surgery, Arthroscopy, and Sports Traumatology (ISKAST) aimed to assess practice trends among ISKAST members in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA), thereby providing a benchmark for future studies. The session moderator presented multiple-choice questions via an audience response system to 94 registered ISKAST members. Responses were collected centrally and subsequently displayed to the audience after a brief interval. The survey revealed that most ISKAST surgeons, reflecting their high level of expertise, work in diverse settings, with more than half performing over 100 TKAs annually. Regarding perioperative management, the majority of respondents utilize spinal anesthesia and tranexamic acid, with a significant number applying tourniquets during surgery. The median parapatellar approach and posterior cruciate-substituting designs are commonly preferred for routine TKA procedures. Additionally, pain management is primarily achieved through patient-controlled analgesia, while low-molecular-weight heparin, combined with mechanical measures, is the most common method for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. Although follow-up practices vary, the majority of surgeons schedule annual postoperative visits. The survey results provide valuable insights into the approaches of knee surgeons in Iran toward TKA, highlighting both common practices and variations in treatment methods. While these findings reflect current practices, they may not represent the most optimal techniques. This underscores the need for further research to validate these results and explore their applicability to a broader patient population. Level of evidence: V

The Middle East's advancements in Orthopedics and Sports Medicine research offer a promising prospect for the future. With concerted efforts to overcome challenges and maximize the region's research potential, we can look forward to significant contributions that will benefit not only the Middle East but the global community at large. The data shows a clear mandate: fostering excellence in OSM research is not only advantageous; it is essential for the health and well-being of future generations.

More than 20% of patients experience chronic lateral ligamentous instability of the ankle (CLLIOTA) following the appropriate management of an ankle sprain. The modified Broström-Gould (MBG) procedure has become the standard treatment for the anatomic repair of symptomatic CLLIOTA. ‪The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes of the MBG technique ‪in patients with CLLIOTA and investigate factors affecting the outcome of surgery. This retrospective, single-group study included all patients with CLLIOTA who underwent surgery using the MBG technique in Shahid Kamyab Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, between July 2015 and August 2020. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS), Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ), and Pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were used to evaluate the outcome. The correlation between patient-related factors and each outcome measure was also analyzed. In total, 38 patients underwent the MBG procedure. The mean follow-up was 40.1 (18-67) months. Overall, 15 patients (39.47%) had a history of sports-related ankle sprains, and 15 (39.47%) had ankle osteochondral lesions. The AOFAS score improved significantly (51.23±13.49 to 91.92±12.077, P<0.001), while MOXFQ and VAS scores decreased significantly in the follow-up evaluation (50.28±9.33 to 27.5±13.35, P<0.001, and 6.2±1.47 to 2.18±1.86, P<0.001, respectively). No significant correlation was found between pre-operative ankle osteoarthritis, talus osteochondral lesion, duration of the follow-up, ankle sprain etiology (sports vs. non-sports), age, body mass index, gender, and the interval between the first sprain and surgery on the one hand, and post-operative outcomes, on the other hand. The more time passed after the surgery, the less painful the ankle of the patient was (P=0.038). No failure was observed among the patients. This study showed that the open MBG technique for CLLIOTA can improve clinical outcomes with no major complications following surgery in the Iranian population.         Level of evidence: III

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming healthcare, particularly in orthopedics, by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, surgical planning, and personalized treatment. This review explores current applications of AI in orthopedics, focusing on its contributions to diagnostics and surgical procedures. Key methodologies such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), support vector machines (SVMs), and ensemble learning have significantly improved diagnostic precision and patient care. For instance, CNN-based models excel in tasks like fracture detection and osteoarthritis grading, achieving high sensitivity and specificity. In surgical contexts, AI enhances procedures through robotic assistance and optimized preoperative planning, aiding in prosthetic sizing and minimizing complications. Additionally, predictive analytics during postoperative care enable tailored rehabilitation programs that improve recovery times. Despite these advancements, challenges such as data standardization and algorithm transparency hinder widespread adoption. Addressing these issues is crucial for maximizing AI's potential in orthopedic practice. This review emphasizes the synergistic relationship between AI and clinical expertise, highlighting opportunities to enhance diagnostics and streamline surgical procedures, ultimately driving patient-centric care.        Level of evidence: V

Writing to commend the ongoing development and success of the Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery (ABJS), a journal that has demonstrated remarkable growth and impact in orthopedics over the past years. An analysis of the journal’s metrics from the Scopus database, covering the period from 2013 to 2024 (until October), reveals a positive trend that merits recognition.

Second-generation large-diameter head hip resurfacing (HR) arthroplasty has gained popularity in terms of its potential for minimal wear and the preservation of proximal femoral bone stock. HR faces challenges, such as increased hip fracture rates and adverse reactions to m etal detritus, despite the fact that over one million metal-on-metal (MoM) arthroplasties have been performed globally. FDA issued warnings in 2011 and 2016 regarding higher failure rates in women and categorized MoM implants as high-risk, influencing U.S. surgeons to limit HR in women. Conversely, European and Australian registries report 6.4% to 54.4% of HR procedures are performed on women. Addressing concerns via targeted follow-ups and age-specific recommendations can help provide equitable access to advanced medical treatments. Level of evidence: V

Proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) are common fractures in the elderly and are typically treated conservatively with immobilization. However, there is no consensus on whether to choose early or late conventional mobilization, taking their outcomes into ac count. This paper reviews comparative studies on the clinical outcomes of one- and three-week immobilization periods in terms of limb function, pain intensity, and complications following the adoption of the non -surgical treatment of PHF.

The current systematic review started with searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on PHF patients to compare the clinical outcomes between patients receiving the one-week mobilization (early mobilization) and those receiving the three-week mobilization (late mobilization). We also performed a meta-analysis to compare the two groups’ limb function and pain levels at three and six months of follow-up.

Five of the seven RCTs had adequate data to be included in the meta-analysis. The quantitative results showed that the early mobilized patients had improved limb function at three [weighted mean difference (WMD): 5.15 (CI 95%: 0.68-9.62)] and six [WMD: 3.51 (CI 95%: 0.43-6.60)] months, but not at 12 months of follow-up. At either three, six, or 12 months, there was no difference in pain intensity between the two groups.

This review supports the adoption of early mobilization at one week for the non-operative management of PHFs. However, to compare the long-term effects, more clinical trials with longer follow-ups are needed. Level of evidence: I

Osteoarthritis (OA) can arise from various factor including trauma, overuse, as well as degeneration resulting from age or disease. The specific treatment options will vary based on the severity of the condition, and the affected joints. Some common treatments for OA include lifestyle modifications, medications, physical therapy, surgery and tissue engineering (TE). For cartilage tissue engineering (CTE), three-dimension (3D) scaffolds are made of biocompatible natural polymers, which allow for the regeneration of new cartilage tissue. An ideal scaffold should possess biological and mechanical properties that closely resemble those of the cartilage tissue, and lead to improved functional of knee. These scaffolds are specifically engineered to serve as replacements for damaged and provide support to the knee joint. 3D-bioprinted scaffolds are made of biocompatible materials natural polymers, which allow for the regeneration of new cartilage. The utilization of 3D bioprinting method has emerged as a novel approach for fabricating scaffolds with optimal properties for CTE applications. This method enables the creation of scaffolds that closely mimic the native cartilage in terms of mechanical characteristics and biological functionality. Alginate, that has the capability to fabricate a cartilage replacement customized for each individual patient. This polymer exhibits hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, along with shear -thinning properties. These unique properties enable alginate to be utilized as a bio-ink for 3D bioprinting method. Furthermore, chondrogenesis is the complex process through which cartilage is formed via a series of cellular and molecular signaling. Signaling pathway is as a fundamental mechanism in cart ilage formation, enhanced by the incorporation of biomolecules and growth factors that induce the differentiation of stem cells. Accordingly, ongoing review is focusing to promote of 3D bioprinting scaffolds through the utilization of advanced biomolecules-loading of alginate-based that has the capability to fabricate a cartilage replacement tailored specifically to each patient's unique needs and anatomical requirements. Level of evidence: III

Bibliometric analysis is one of the most prevalent methods for analyzing and predicting the research trends of particular subjects. Through a bibliometric analysis, this study sought to look into and depict the hotspots and research trends in knee arthroplasty research over the previous five years.

The Web of Science Core Collection database was used to find research articles on knee arthroplasty published between 2018 and 2022. The VOS viewer, Cite Space, and Bibliometrix were used to carry out the bibliometric study and network visualization

During the previous five years, 7,422 included knee arthroplasty publications were cited 57,087 times. The United States and the Journal of Arthroplasty were the top countries and journals regarding the number of articles. The top 10 global high-impact documents were determined using the citation ranking and citation burst. The most frequently referenced article revealed that the epidemiological characteristics of knee arthroplasty, perioperative care in knee arthroplasty, prosthetic joint infections, and opioid medications were the hot topics in knee arthroplasty research. Keyword burst analysis showed that the research trends in knee arthroplasty through 2022 were racial disparity, limb alignment, tibial slope, and meniscectomy. The analysis of the subject areas revealed the close connections and relationships between different subject areas, as demonstrated by the figures.

The knee arthroplasty research community is highly productive and centralized. Recent hotspots in knee arthroplasty research were unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, periprosthetic joint infection, kinematic alignment, outpatient total knee arthroplasty (TKA), bariatric surgery, payment model, tranexamic acid, RoboticAssisted TKA, patient-reported outcome measures, metaphyseal cone, opioid use, and patient-specific instrumentation. Research trends in knee arthroplasty research were racial disparity, limb alignment, tibial slope, and meniscectomy. Level of evidence: IV

In clinical practice, bone defects that occur alongside tumors, infections, or other bone diseases present significant challenges in the orthopedic field. Although autologous and allogeneic grafts are introduced as common traditional remedies in this field, their applications have a series of limitations. Various approaches have been attempted to treat large and irregularly shaped bone defects; however, their success has been less than optimal due to a range of issues related to material and design. However , in recent years, additive manufacturing has emerged as a promising solution to the challenge of creating implants that can be perfectly tailored to fit individual defects during surgical procedures. By fabrication of constructs with specific designs using this technique, surgeons are able to achieve much better outcomes for patients. Polymers, ceramics, and metals have been used as biomaterials in Orthopedic Surgery fields. Polymeric scaffolds have been used successfully in total joint replacements, soft tissue reconstruction, joint fusion, and as fracture fixation devices. The use of polymeric biomaterials, either in the form of pre-made solid scaffolds or injectable pastes that can harden in situ, shows great promise as a substitute for commonly used autografts and allografts. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is one of the most widely used polymer cement in orthopedic surgery. The present paper begins with an introduction and will then provide an overview of the properties, advantages/disadvantages, applications, and modifications of PMMA bone cement. Level of evidence: III

Burnout is a well-known consequence of chronic stress. Orthopedic surgery is among the mostdesired specialty among Iranian medical students. The nature of the job, the income, and the ability to deal withstress can all be stressful factors for orthopedic surgeons. Nonetheless, little is known about how these medicaldoctors work and live in Iran. The present study aimed to assess job satisfaction, engagement, and burnout amongIranian orthopedists. A nationwide online survey was conducted in Iran. Job satisfaction, engagement, and burnout wereevaluated using the job description index (JDI), Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, and Maslach Burnout Scale. Theywere also asked some additional questions related to career choice. A total of 456 questionnaires (41% response rate) were retrieved. Overall, 56.8% of the participantsexperienced burnout. The burnout levels significantly differed based on age, years from graduation, working in publichospitals, operating more than 10 patients in a week, monthly income, having less than two children, and beingsingle (P<0.05). They scored higher on work questions on the present job and jobs in general but lower scores onpay and opportunities for promotion. In a national study of orthopedic surgeons, their primary concern in JDI was “pay and promotion.”Burnout was substantially associated with respondents’ characteristics, such as younger age and having fewerchildren. This will lead to impaired performance, increased patient complaints, and the tendency to immigrate.Level of evidence: V

ChatGPT a fluent chatbot developed by San Francisco- based Open artificial intelligence (AI);  has made a storm that swept the world since its launch in November 2022. It is enabled people to communicate with a machine in almost any topic. ChatGPT passed 100 million users at the beginning of February 2023 which making it as the fastest expanding consumer application.

Evaluating responsiveness and calculating minimally important change (MIC) for the Persian-versionof the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation (PRTEE) questionnaire following physiotherapy in patients with lateralelbow tendinopathy (LET).

We enrolled 82 patients with LET to complete the PRTEE. After completing four weeks of physiotherapy,all patients were reevaluated by the PRTEE. The patients also rated their changes on a 7-point global rating of changescale (GRoC). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and correlation analysis were used for evaluating theresponsiveness. The MIC was determined by determining a desirable cutoff on the ROC curve.

The results showed a moderate relationship (Spearman’s correlation coefficient= 0.43-0.56) of total PRTEE,pain subscale, and function subscale with the GRoC scale. The total PRTEE, pain subscale, and function subscalerevealed an area under the curve of 0.87, 0.82, and 0.83, respectively. We found the MICs 31.33, 14.5, and 15.5 pointsfor total PRTEE, pain subscale, and function subscale, respectively.

The Persian-version of the PRTEE questionnaire has acceptable responsiveness and can measurechanges in patients with LET following physiotherapy. We advocate using the PRTEE questionnaire in both clinicalsettings and research.

This study aimed to translate the shortened Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (Short-WORC) questionnaire into Persian and determine the psychometric features of WORC and Persian-Short-WORC in patients with shoulder pain.

A total of 130 patients completed Persian-WORC and -Short-WORC, Shoulder Pain And Disability Index (SPADI), shortened Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Quick-DASH), WORC, as well as Short-Form health survey (SF-36), in the evaluation and re-evaluation sessions with an interval of 5-7 days to assess reliability and validity. To determine responsiveness, all patients completed questionnaires and a global rating of change scale before and after the 4-week physiotherapy. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for assessing reliability, two-tailed Pearson (r) for validity, as well as longitudinal validity, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis for responsiveness.

The ICC was 0.95 (confidence interval: 0.93-0.96) for Short-WORC. A strong correlation was found between Short-WORC, SPADI (r=-0.82), Quick-DASH (r=-0.79), WORC (r=0.92), SF-36 physical (r=0.76), and SF-36 mental (r=0.71). Floor and ceiling effects were not detected. The responsiveness of Short-WORC and WORC was proven with an area under the curve of >0.90, and their minimal important change was 28.56 and 26.28 points, respectively.

The Persian version of WORC has good psychometric properties to measure disability and health-related quality of life in patients with shoulder pain.

Avascular necrosis (AVN) or osteonecrosis of the femoral head occurs as a result of a vascular supply disruption that could lead to hip osteoarthritis. Recently, several joint-preserving procedures have been suggested to improve the outcome of AVN, including hip arthroscopy. This systematic review aimed to investigate the role of hip arthroscopy to preserve hip joints suffering from AVN.

This review was conducted to collect data on hip arthroscopy from the available literature for the management of AVN. The collected articles included those that were focused mainly on the management of AVN assisted by arthroscopy and published up to 2020 that were searched in four databases using such keywords as “Avascular Necrosis”, “AVN”, and “Osteonecrosis” in combination with “Hip Arthroscopy” or “Arthroscopic Hip Surgery”. 

In total, 13 articles met the eligibility criteria, and no severe complications were reported after arthroscopy in patients with AVN. Moreover, the Harris scores were higher than 79 after the operation. The majority of the assessments showed that the use of arthroscopy was effective in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with AVN, except for one study, which had been performed on patients with stage IV AVN. 

The findings supported the idea that hip arthroscopy is effective in the treatment of AVN. This approach is becoming more popular for the diagnosis and treatment of hip disorders.Level of evidence: I

Dr. Charles A. Rockwood was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, on September 19, 1929. He was one of the American Orthopedic Association’s (AOA) most distinguished members . Dr. Charles A. Rockwood earned his medical degree from Oklahoma University in 1956. He completed his orthopedic residency in the orthopedic department of Oklahoma University and affiliated hospital in 1961. Finally, in 2016, he celebrated 50 years of service at the University of Texas as a professor and emeritus chairman of the department of orthopedics and director of the shoulder service (3). Sadly, he died on February 1, 2022, at 92, in San Antonio, following a 60-year career. We value his six decades of contributions to the advancement of orthopedic trauma.

Ligamentous laxity is a condition that leads to joints’ hypermobility beyond their average and normal range of motion. It can cause musculoskeletal and joint injuries. This national multi-centered study investigated the epidemiology of generalized ligamentous laxity and its relationship with musculoskeletal disorders among Iranian adults with different ethnic backgrounds. A total of 1,488 people (age range: 17-40 years) were selected from eight cities and six different ethnicities of Iran and included in this cross-sectional study. The presence of ligamentous laxity with clinical examinations was searched according to Beighton score criteria. They were also examined for any kind of musculoskeletal disorders that might accompany ligamentous laxity. The Chi-square test was used to compare the frequency of ligamentous laxity based on gender and ethnicity; moreover, the t-test was utilized to compare the frequency of ligamentous laxity based on age. In total, 280 (18.8%) participants had generalized ligamentous laxity, and it was more prevalent in women (22.7%), compared to men (14.4%). Regarding ethnicity, the highest and lowest prevalence rates were in Gilak (37.9%) and Persian-Arab (6%) ethnicities, respectively (P<0.001). Ligamentous laxity showed a significant relationship with sports injury, joint complaint, joint dislocation, ligament sprain, sciatica and back pain, Baker’s cyst, and varicose veins (P<0.001). Most participants with generalized ligamentous laxity (93.6%) had no knowledge of their problem and its importance in choosing an appropriate sports activity.  The prevalence of generalized ligamentous laxity seems to be relatively high among the 17-40-year-old population of Iran, especially in women. It seems to be significantly related to ethnicity. It is strongly recommended that examinations, screening, and information be provided at an early age in schools or at least in areas with a high prevalence as national programs. Level of evidence: I

Chondral defects are frequent and important causes of pain and disability. Cartilage has limited self-repair and regeneration capacity. The ideal approach for articular cartilage defects is the regeneration of hyaline cartilage with sustainable symptom-free constructs. Tissue engineering provides new strategies for the regeneration of functional cartilage tissue through optimized scaffolds with architectural, mechanical, and biochemical properties similar to the native cartilage tissue. In this review, the basic science of cartilage structure, interactions between proteins, stem cells, as well as biomaterials, scaffold characteristics and fabrication methods, as well as current and potential therapies in regenerative medicine will be discussed mostly from a biochemical point of view. Furthermore, the recent trends in scaffold-based therapies and supplementary factors in cartilage tissue engineering will be considered. Level of evidence: I

The first journal that formalized the peer review process is The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the first and longest-running journal launched in 1665 by Henry Oldenburg (1618- 1677) (1). The review of a research paper starts with the ‘Internal Review’ process. All authors must read the article and reconcile their comments before submission. The external review process begins after article submission, and the editor assigns the paper to the outside reviewers unrelated to the work of the study. External reviewers evaluate the submitted article for quality, accuracy, and completeness based on the journal’s requirements. Reviewers’ feedback includes accepting, rejecting, or requesting a revision to the article. The editor determines the final decision, but the reviewers’ comments and recommendations show if the article is amenable to improvement by revision.

Preoperative planning is of paramount importance in saving time as well as helping achieve a more precise correction ofthe deformities. Along with preoperative measurements, customized cutting guides can facilitate intraoperative correctionof the deformity with higher confidence. In this report, we are presenting the application of preoperative planning and3D printed customized cutting guides for correcting cubitus varus alignment of the elbow in an 18 year old male withsatisfactory intraoperative and postoperative results.Level of evidence: IV

The association of the ulnar styloid fracture with distal radius fracture is common and the necessity of ulnar styloid fixation is still controversial. We aim to investigate the effect of ulnar styloid fracture fixation on the final outcome of the distal radius fracture treatment. In a two-arm randomized clinical trial, patients with Fernandez type I distal radius fracture associated with ulnar styloid fracture in the base were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups of the ulnar styloid fracture being fixed and it being remained unfixed. Patients were followed up for 12 months using pain visual analogue scale (VAS), quick form of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score questionnaire, Mayo performance score as well as the wrist range of motion and grip strength evaluation. DASH score during three and six months after styloid fixation demonstrated higher scores (P-value= 0.03 and 0.00) and was proved significant, however, the two groups did not differ on the other variables. It could be concluded that ulnar styloid fixation using pin and wire have an adverse effect on distal radius fixation outcome. Level of evidence: Level I

The finite element method (FEM) is an engineering tool to assess the mechanical behavior of a structure under applied loads. This method was first applied for stress analysis of mechanical structures in the late 1950s. Later on, this new method got the application in biomedical engineering by analyzing the mechanical behavior of human femora. With the advent of faster computers, more advanced imaging modalities, and better FE software resulting in increased sophistication in 3D modeling, FE models have been greatly improved and the possibility of creating a FE model that can closely mimic the geometry and material properties of bones of an individual patient, so-called a patient-specific model, is accessible. The objective of this editorial is to try to elucidate the advancements in and applications of patient-specific finite element modeling and discuss whether such models can give promising results in predicting the outcome of orthopedic surgeries and enter clinical practice as a decision support system.

Regarding this, the present study aimed to assess the clinical outcome of anatomical arthroscopicposterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft. This cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on 24 patients undergoing anatomical arthroscopicPCL reconstruction using Achilles tendon allograft during 2008-2014. The patients were examined in terms of kneestability by clinical examinations and KT-2000 arthrometer, as well as regarding health and knee status, over a meanfollow-up of 36 months. In addition, the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), International Knee DocumentationCommittee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Kujala, and Lysholmwere adopted to collect data. The participants had a mean age of 30±8 years and a mean body mass index of 25±2 kg/m2. Based on theresults of the SSD-KT2000 arthrometer, 12.5%, 34.37%, 28.12%, and 25% of the patients had normal, nearly normal,abnormal, and severely abnormal laxity, respectively. In addition, the mean KOOS, Lysholm, IKDC, and Kujala scoreswere estimated at 73.92±15, 79.50±17, 58.20±10.47, and 80.06±16, respectively. The patients with concomitant partialmeniscectomy had a significantly lower IKDC score (P<0.01). Based on the findings, the use of Achilles tendon allograft in the surgical reconstruction of PCL would yieldexcellent results both subjectively and objectively. In addition, patient selection and surgeon’s choice and preferenceshould be considered in determining the treatment plan for the patients.Level of evidence: III

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) prostheses have been available for many years and despite their superior outcomescompared to conventional DRUJ reconstructions in both short and long-term follow-ups, they have not become aspopular as common hip and knee prostheses.In the current review article, at the first step, we discussed the applied anatomy and biomechanics of the DRUJ, andsecondly, we classified DRUJ prostheses according to available literature, and reviewed different types of prostheseswith their outcomes. Finally we proposed simple guidelines to help the surgeon to choose the appropriate DRUJprosthesis.Level of evidence: IV