mohammad javad mohseni

Excommunication is an extremely negative and distorted form of "otherization" and "imagery" and a "strategy" that is intended to "remove" and destroy the enemy or at least to "marginalize" him. The Shiite and Hazara community is a victim of "Takfir" and the negative depictions of the discourse of ethnic nationalism during the era of Abd al-Rahman and after. The question of "adopting the policy of "genocide" and "ethnic cleansing" of Hazara by Abdul Rahman" has led to this research, and an attempt has been made to answer this question by using the "discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe" as a theoretical framework and method of analysis. . The result obtained is that the intensification of ethnic conflicts during the era of Abd al-Rahman was the result of a kind of "ethnic and religious particularism" that was applied in order to establish the dominance of a specific ethnic group, the Afghan/Pashtun people. Based on ethnic particularism, an attempt was made to represent and identify the millennial as a "destructive other" and a "dangerous and demonic enemy" on the one hand, and as "inferior", "despicable" and "beyond the limits of humanity" on the other hand. As based on religious particularism, he was able to mold the Hazara people as "disbelievers", "lost" and "rebels" in the mentality of other ethnic groups and tribes of Afghanistan. The result of this particularism was, on the one hand, a kind of "ethnocentrism" or "ethnic self-aggrandizement", and on the other hand, absolute religious self-righteousness, which led to the "ethnic cleansing" and "ethnic cleansing" of the millennium. The purpose of adopting the policy of "genocide" and "ethnic cleansing" was to distribute Hazara lands to "Afghan carriers" and to provide the basis for statistical majority, absolute political domination and finally to impose Afghan/Pashtun ethnic identity on Afghanistan and "forced assimilation".

One of the main axes of the modern state-nation building policy in Iran during the Pahlavi era was the modernization of social identity based on the idea of homogenization. In this regard, the government initiated policies to define and establish a coordinated and uniform temporal order in state institutions and the public sphere of society, thereby monitoring the rhythm of government and societal activities. The modernizing Pahlavi state, by setting the official time to Tehran's horizon within the mechanisms of world time based on Greenwich Mean Time and synchronizing the time across all geographical regions of Iran with it, imposed its desired temporal order on the country's governmental, social, and economic institutions. This was achieved through the coordinating fu ctions of state institutions such as the telegraph office, municipality, and army, as well as administrative and legal measures. Consequently, it created a type of nationwide, coordinated, and uniform temporal identity for society.

The change in traditional timekeeping by establishing official time as the formal time of Iran to align with the international standard time of the modern era was one of the most important issues in the modernization policy of the Pahlavi period. After approving the rules and laws of Iran's official time according to Tehran's horizon in 1307 and 1314 [1928 and 1935 CE], and implementing the 24-hour model of modern timekeeping, the government initiated programs in state organization, social relations, and economic activities of Iranian society to implement it, which was accompanied by challenges. The nature of these challenges and how the government dealt with them is the focus of this article. Therefore, one can ask: What were the challenges of formalizing time in Iran during the Pahlavi era, what were the government's programs in facing these challenges, and what were people's reactions to it?The hypothesis of the article is that the shift from the concept of traditional time to modern timekeeping in the process of modernism during the Pahlavi era and the formalization of time created unprecedented issues for the government. These issues were addressed using the authority of the modern state and its legal-judicial capacity, which allowed for cultural and social adaptation in Iranian society.Examination of documents and explanation of events of that period through historical methods shows that the government ultimately succeeded in institutionalizing official time in contemporary Iranian society by resorting to methods of compromise, incentive-punitive cultural promotion, alongside utilizing legal and judicial powers.

Endoscopic therapy has been introduced for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) treatment from the early 1980s and emerged as the first-line treatment in all grades of VUR. Various materials have been used for the endoscopic suburethral application, and their curative role has been characterized by different potential. In this study, we aimed to summarize the global experience with the various bulking agents used for endoscopic treatment of VUR, especially the cure and complication rates, and review our newly introduced bulking agent.

The current literature and our experience on the outcome of endoscopic treatment with different bulking agents were reviewed.

Various foreign materials have been used for endoscopic suburethral injections, and their success rate has been different from 40 to ≤ 90 percent. Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Dx/HA), currently the most common bulking agent used for VUR resolution, is an artificial material that helps to grow collagen and fibroblasts. Activation of the immune reaction and the formation of granuloma pseudocysts are impediments after the injection of this agent. Therefore, despite the better consequences in comparison to other agents, the use of this material might be associated with the risk of appearance of serious and persistent complications.

Our newly designed decellularized prepuce tissue as a biocompatible tissue-engineered bulking agent, is comparable to Dx/HA regarding low immunoreaction and inflammatory responses with lower price. So, it could be a proper candidate for future randomized clinical trials to investigate the potential of clinical application of the current bulking agent; moreover, it can be an appropriate alternative for Dx/HA.

This paper study and analyze "the identity crisis resolution patterns and its adaptation to the contemporary Afghanistan." Afghanistan is a multicultural country, which has been involved in devastating wars for almost three decades. Without denying the role of external interventions, this paper discusses the causes, factors and the main solutions to this long-standing war in the Afghan society, and linked it to the "national identity crisis". There are two theoretical models to solve the identity crisis, which include multiculturalism and homogenization. Given the failure of the unified model of identity crisis resolution in multicultural countries, the multicultural model for solving this problem seems to be more efficient in these countries than the previous pattern. Of course, the success of this pattern depends on the proper use of the cultural capacities of the Afghan community itself, which must be formulated and localized in accordance with the ethnic-cultural criteria and the objective needs and vital necessities of this society. In this regard, genuine religious concepts such as human equality, ethnic-cultural diversity, human dignity and social justice can be taken into consideration.

Violence is one of the main problems of the present Islamic societies. This situation brings in numerous questions; one of the main questions is, what are the social and cultural factors of the appearance of violent groups in the Islamic world? The present research uses a descriptive analytical method to determine the psychological stresses as the main cause in the appearance of these groups in the Islamic world which be forced to form of dense and through: 1) epistemic cultural crises, 2) relative deprivation and 3) social and political failures on the Islamic Ummah. When these pressures combined with ethnic, religious and class conflicts, double the conditions for the appearance of violence and social conflict.

We examined the preventive effect of probiotic and antibiotics versus antibiotics alone, in children with recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTI) in a preliminary randomized clinical trial. Between March 2007 and April 2011, children with the history of RUTI and unilateral vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) were randomly assigned to receive concomitant probiotic and antibiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacterium lactis, 107/ml, as 0.25 ml/kg three times a day regimen in addition to Nitrofurantoin, 1mg/kg daily (group I). In group II, all children received conventional prophylactic antibiotics alone (Nitrofurantoin, 1 mg/kg daily). Randomization was performed via using the random numerals table in a 1:1 manner with stratification by sex, age and grade of reflux. The urine examinations were done monthly and the incidence of UTI was evaluated in these two groups. Forty-one children (age: 8.3±3.1 years) in group I and 44 children (age: 8.0±3.0 years) in group II were compared. During the course of three years, 39% in group I and 50% of participants in group II experienced RUTIs (P=0.4). Incidences of UTI - febrile and afebrile - reduced in both groups without any significant differences after two years of prophylaxis. Also, incidence of afebrile UTIs did not significantly differ (0.51±1.30 and 0.81±1.41 respectively, P=0.3); however, the incidence of febrile UTIs in particular were lower in group I (0.00±0.00 versus 0.13±0.40, P=0.03) in the last year. The consumption of probiotic and antibiotics in children with RUTI is safe and more effective in reducing the incidence of febrile UTI in comparison to prophylactic antibiotics alone.