mohammad samari

Tobacco use is risky behavior that causes numerous health issues in addition to threatening cultural and socialfoundations. Due to its availability and lesser social stigma compared to other addictive substances, many students in Kermanuniversities have taken up smoking. This study examines the factors related to smoking among these university students.

This cross-sectional descriptive study used multistage sampling with a sample size of 1052 students from Kermanuniversities in 2023. Data were collected via a questionnaire covering background information, smoking status, and factorsinfluencing smoking behavior and prevention. Data were analyzed by SPSS 25 software using the chi-square test and Pearsoncorrelation coefficient, with P<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Participants had an average age of 21.67±2.86 years. Their self-reports indicated that 19.8% smoked cigarettes, 17.0%used hookah in the past 30 days, 30.4% had ever smoked cigarettes, and 41.3% had ever used hookah. Smoking rates weresignificantly higher among male students (P<0.001). Key reasons for smoking included entertainment (53.7%), stress reduction(50.8%), and peer pressure (50.5%). Key prevention factors were awareness of smoking’s harmful effects (54.0%), mental peace inthe family (50.7%), and adherence to moral principles (46.4%).

Smoking prevalence among students is on the rise, with a third of the students having smoked and about half havingused hookah. Preventive educational interventions and stress-reducing recreational activities are recommended to mitigate thistrend.

One of the greatest biotic stress reducing potential yield in chickpea is Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei Pass. (Labr.) which is distributed worldwide. Due to its severity and to decreasing the environmental biological impact of chemical control, research on natural compounds like plant essential oils would be a helpful step in the disease management. In this study, the antifungal efficacy of essential oil of eight plants including thyme, savory, pennyroyal, mint, tarragon, fennel, cumin and ajwain at 5 concentrations in 3 replications under complete random design was evaluated. Characteristics like mycelial growth inhibition (MGI), inhibitory minimum concentration (IMC) and speed of colony growth after treatment were studied under laboratory condition. Pathogenicity index was studied under greenhouse condition by the selected plants through laboratory tests in comparison with the fungicide Rovral-TS and intact and infected controls. Result showed that at greenhouse, thyme and fennel showed the most inhibitory index in comparison with the rest six plants. Fennel showed the most effective MGI against Ascochyta blight at laboratory. The result of the present study show that thyme and fennel would be great options to be considered in the integrated management programs of chickpea Ascochyta blight.

A person with mental disorder, as a normal citizen on the one hand and as a person who may be a criminal, has been targeted by criminal lawmakers. In the expression of the Iranian legislator, the guilty people and those who disobey al-Mashair who commit crimes are regarded as guilty, but irresponsible.Iran's policy of criminal penalties for those who have a mental illness that can be described as dangerous in the sense described in Iran's penal code is ambiguous. What is to come from examining the manner in which Iranian criminal lawmakers deal with people with serious psychiatric disorders are that they have not been coherent, efficient, and in line with scientific facts and their basic needs, and only in several articles, including Articles 51 and 52 The Outlawed Islamic Penal Code of 1370 and Articles 1 and 4 of the Outlawed Laws of the Enforcement Measures in 1339 and Articles 95, 289, and 291 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Public and Revolutionary Courts in Criminal Law, 1999 and Articles 149 and 150 of the Islamic Penal Code, approved in 1392, and Article 13 of the Law The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1392, contains a number of procedural, ambiguous and non-academic texts on this subject. Of patients. Therefore, studying Iran's criminal law legislature approach to this group of patients and criticizing it is essential for updating Iran's criminal policy.Some of the psychiatric disorders that are considered in this category include: psychotic disorders (schizophrenia disorder, schizophrenia disorder, schizophrenic disorder, delusional disorder, short term psychotic disorder, common psychotic disorder, psychotic disorder caused by the disease) Physical, psychotic disorder and psychotic disorders, not otherwise specified), mental retardation, epileptic patients, delirium states, dementia, substance-related disorders, etc.