muhammad abdullah

Nanofluids play an important role in order to augment of the heat transfer characteristics in many energy systems. As compared to usual fluids, nanofluids comprise better physical strength and thermal conductivity. Our aim in studying this work is to numerically interpret the flow and heat transfer features of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles in the coexistence of thermal radiation and inclined magnetic fields. The model equations are first simplified by the similarity transformations and then finite difference discretization is used to apply the numerical technique known as the successive over-relaxation method. We have mainly examined that how much the thermal radiation and inclined magnetic field affect the nanofluid flow. The impacts of involved parameters are overlooked with the help of tabular and graphical representations. The consequences evidently point out that the effect of inclination is to devaluate the heat transfer and elevate the skin friction on the surface. The thermal radiation phenomenon is responsible for an increase in the temperature.

The physical and chemical data of the pure substance can be analysed to determine the structure. In the current era of structural elucidation, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy, especially the various types of 2D NMR, are used extensively, while infrared (IR) and ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV) are main tool to recognize the functional groups in the structure. The correlation of key chemicals in chromatograph peaks with individual mass spectra is commonly accomplished using HPLC mass spectrometry (LCMS). For most chemicals studied, LCMS ionisation procedures are chemically mild, and strong molecular ion peaks are detected. MS (mass spectrometry) is a technique for determining a substance's molecular mass, formula, and fragmentation pattern. The most widely deployed techniques in mass spectrometry are electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, chemical ionization mass spectrometry, chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Our paper discusses in brief how mass spectrometry can be used to study and analyze natural products in a scientific manner. Mass spectrometry, which has been used to study complex biological systems for more than a century, is currently at a critical crossroads. We'll be looking at how the mass spectrometry business is expected to change over the next decade, emphasising the natural products industry's increasing techniques and technology. This research aims to provide a fast summary of how mass spectrometry is used in many disciplines.

This review study relies on three search engines, Pub Med, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and printed material from the library, to do the best literature research possible.

We highlight growing mass spectrometric methodologies and technologies employed by the natural product field in this viewpoint piece and provide a glimpse into the future directions in which the mass spectrometry field will migrate over the next decade.

The browse vegetation of the Cholistan rangelands is diminishing with the passage of time due to climatic extremities, overgrazing, and human exploitation. Therefore, this study was planned to collect the baseline data about ecology, ethnobotany, and conservation status of browses. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed to record information of plant species from nomadic peoples (85 males, 05 female) and by ecological observations during field visits. In this study, a total of 25 browse species belonging to 17 genera and 12 families were documented, however family status showed that Chenopodiaceae and Mimosaceae were most dominant families. In these rangelands three-soil microhabitats sandunal, interdunal and clayey saline were noted, and each have different species structure and composition. According to life span and life form, all identified species were found as perennials and phanerophytes, respectively. Leaf spectra of Raunkiaerian approach revealed that leptopylls dominated study area, which is an indicator of arid conditions. Phenological observations revealed two flowering seasons, first season was from February to April and second was from September to November, both were associated to winter and monsoon rains, respectively. Further ethnobotanical observations have divided species into four categories based on their uses i.e. firewood, timber wood, forage and medicinal. The peoples of this area depend on local plants and different parts of plants (bark, leaves, shoots, roots) were used for different treatments. Out of total species, 24 species were observed to have forage value that shows potential of this area as rangeland whereas based on grazing response, maximum number of species (40%) were noted as decreasers. According to conservation status, most of browse species have become threatened followed by endangered, vulnerable, least concerned, and critically endangered, respectively. Results showed current status and potential of browses to apply quick conservation measures with suggestion of further floral investigation in Cholistan rangelands.

Opium dependence is one of the serious and multidimensional problems. Millions of people are opium addicts throughout the world. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors causing relapse in opium addicts in Internally Displaced People (IDPs). This experiment was conducted in the Drug Detoxification and Health Welfare research center, Bannu, KPK, Pakistan. Sociodemographics characteristics of IDPs were studied in this retrospective cross-sectional study. Questionnaire was specifically designed and total 41 relapsed individual’s histories of post treated IDPs were studied. Percentage of factors causing relapse in IDPs included stress in 36.59% individuals, family conflicts 19.51%, friends 12.20%, work load stress 09.76%, body aches 07.31%, sexual satisfaction 09.76% and fun 04.87%. Average time of relapse in IDPs was 6 months. Results revealed that stress was the most notorious factor directing IDPs towards relapse. It is concluded that attention must be paid on the crucial factors of stress to avoid relapse associated with opium dependence such as, family conflicts, personal, occupational and economical status.

Groundwater, a special hydrological variable and freshwater resource is completely inter-reliant with hydro-metorological, topographic, land use and hydro-geological components of hydrologic cycle. Trend of hydrologic componentsfor future prediction is attempted to confer in this study using Man-Kendall test, linear regression and geometric progression analysis on recorded data collected from recognize organization of Bangladesh. Bogra district is selected as the study area, which is characterized for fluctuating hydrological components over the years. Temporal distribution & recent trend of dominating hydrologic variables are analyzed and spatial distribution map is presented to discuss localize disparity within the study area. Groundwater abstraction & corresponding recharge reliant with hydro-meteorology and hydro-geology along with land use pattern is attempted to understand in this research. Study conclude for all hydological components related with groundwater is depleting over the recent years with the increase use of water specially for irrigation and domestic needs, but distribution is uneven throughout the Bogra district.

This study was conducted to investigate food habits of the Grey Francolin in the Salt Range (Chumbi Surla Wildlife Sanctuary and Diljabba Domeli Game Reserve). For this purpose¡ 28 crop and gizzard samples of the Grey Francolin were collected from local hunters/poachers. These samples were collected in different seasons; spring (n=6)¡ summer (n=4)¡ autumn (n=7) and winter (n= 11) and during the morning and evening hours. In total¡ twelve food items were recovered from 28 samples. Eight food items consisted of plant materials (leaves and seeds) were identified as Brassica rapa¡ Pennisetum typhoideum¡ Carthemus oxycantha¡ Eruca sativa¡ Triticum aestivum¡ Vigna radiata¡ Oxalis corniculata and Sorghum bicolor. Three food items belong to animal parts were from three different orders of insects; Formica rufa (Hymenoptera)¡ Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera). The total weight of their gut with food contents was 147.1 gm (10.50.26) in the morning while in the evening¡ the weight of their gut with food contents was 115.86 gm (8.27.53). The consumption of plant materials washigh in spring (2.33.89) and summer (2.59.67) compared with autumn (1.23.48) and winter (1.47.65). The consumption of insects as compared with plant materials showed seasonal variation as it was higher in summer (4.15.93) and winter (2.5.44) as compared to spring (1.56.88) and autumn (2.38.03). Comparison of the weight of different food items collected during the morning and evening times using student’s paired t-test in QI Macros-2014 showed that there was significant difference between the weight of contents of the morning and evening and the selection of plant and animal species during the time of the day.