s. khani

tuned mass dampers are a combination of mass, spring and dampers. tuned mass dampers are set on a specific frequency range, when the structure is subjected to external force in the desired frequency range, TMD reduce the responses of the structure by creating a force against the movement direction of the structure. The most important limitation of TMD is providing a sufficient mass ratio in order to optimally control the structure. The inerter element is an element with two terminals that can produce a force proportional to the acceleration difference created in its two terminals. One of the distinguishing features of this element compared to other structural control tools is the possibility of changing the mass matrix of the structure. Nowadays, extensive research is being done in order to combine the inerter element with structural control systems. Adding an inerter element to conventional tuned mass dampers significantly increases the efficiency of TMD and removes the limitation of TMD to provide a suitable mass ratio. The placement position of the inerter element in the control system is very important. If the inerter element is placed between two inappropriate levels in the system, it will disrupt the function of absorbing dynamic vibrations and cause the responses to intensify. In this research, the optimization of the parameters of the inerter element combination with tuned mass dampers is done using the particle optimization algorithm and with the ability to generalize to all structures

In this paper, the performance of the buffer layer of Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) thin film solar cell was optimized using SCAPS software. At first, five different buffer layers including CdS, In2S3, ZnO, ZnSe and ZnS with variable thicknesses from 10 to 100 nm have been replaced in the structure of the solar cell and it has been observed. As the thickness of the buffer layer is increased, the efficiency decreases.Due to the increase of thickness light absorption in the structure is increased and less light is absobed in CdTe layer. The reason behinf this incident is described physically. Then the performance of the solar cell with different buffer layers is compared, and the effect of each of the layers on the four main parameters of the solar cell has been investigated. Simulation results show that the ZnS buffer layer has a higher efficiency in all thicknesses than other materials which originates from the fact that the bandgap of this material is bigger than other materials.

In the recent years there was a great improvement in the development of underground structures. Besides increasing the costs of construction، as well as the importance of the safety of transportations made the stability of structures against risks of earthquake very important. Underground structures behavior is different from super-structures due to their enclosure in soil or rock، so they have experienced a lower rate of damage than super-structures. But recent damages attracted more attention to the seismic analysis and design of underground structures. In this paper، the effect of earthquake and the importance of seismic analysis will be described and the seismic analysis method is presented briefly first، and then the simplified model analysis of Hashash is used، so two metro stations structures under two different levels were linearly analyzed، then pushover analysis method is used which is a simple and static non-linear analysis method in seismic analysis and design of structures. In this non-linear analysis، target displacement is computed by simplified frame analysis model. The finding of this study showed that the structure behavior was remained elastically in a large extent using this method. Hence، the design of the structures based on the performance level or reduction of the moment extracted from the Hashash Method is recommended.

The growth of internet health information with unclear quality endangers Users' health and lives. The necessity of evaluating intrenet sources including web has been proven, in many studies. Therefore, applicable solutions for evaluating internet information in web are suggested, one of which is the systematic rating of web information using a criteria and based on different aspects of technical characteristics, etc. this study was done to rate websites providing information on viral infectious diseases, in regard to updating, Silberg score, information comprehensiveness and accuracy based on Silberg and WHO criteria.

Sixty three viral infectious websites were searched using a key phrase "viral infectious diseases" in search engines: Google and Askjeeves. Websites characteristics were obtained by "website characteristics evaluation checklist" each of which was given a score from 9 according to Silberg criteria. Viral infectious information on hepatitis B was corresponded to "WHO standard checklist for hepatitis B treatment" adapted from a document by World Health Organization as WHO criteria and 20 websites including hepatitis B treatment information were given scores on comprehensiveness and accuracy codes.

Rating viral infectious websites based on the latest updating based on, Silberg score, scores on comprehensiveness and accuracy code showed that updating time for most websites was December 2003 (57.14%). Also, about 12.69% of websites obtained the highest Silberg score as 9. Regarding Silberg criteria, most websites did not notify their cited references (63.49%) and the original date (58.73%). The highest score on comprehensiveness was 46 out of 223- WHO criteria checklist- (20.62%) of total point) that belonged to only one website, and 20% of websites obtained only one score. Most websites (35%) obtained score between 2 - 6. Also, regarding accuracy code, about 85% of websites obtained accuracy code 1 indicating the accuracy of information on hepatitis B treatment. About 15% of websites also obtained code 1 indicating at least one error in their statement Most sources included health subject index (65.70%), link to other internet sources (61.9%) and selected medical health news (60.31%).

The current ratings show that the status of viral infectious information is weak in upgrading information, accuracy, comprehensiveness and meeting Silberg criteria and the users are recommended to be cautious and aware of evaluation means when using website providing health information, particularly on viral- infectious diseases.