soghra nodeh

While "fidelity discourse" in adaptation studies emphasizes the faithfulness of film adaptations to the source text, Linda Hutcheon stresses the use of creative discourse and the creativity of film adaptations in creating a new text in comparison to the source text. According to Hutcheon, the superiority of one adaptation over another lies in the creativity that leads to the creation of an intertextual relationship between the film and the source text. Therefore, Hutcheon's theory examines the ways in which film adaptations, by focusing on the problems of the society that produces the film adaptation, become a new and innovative text. Thus, the present study examines how two film adaptations of the novel "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen rewrite the past of the society depicted in Austen's novel based on the present culture of the society in which the film adaptations are made. To this end, a Bollywood adaptation of this novel directed by Gurinder Chadha and a Hollywood adaptation directed by Robert Leonard are scrutinized. The present study aims to analyze these adaptations from the perspective of Hutcheon's theory and to examine how these two film adaptations have confronted the source text and changed it in accordance with the problems of the society from which they arose. Based on the findings of this research, both adaptations have creatively established an intertextual relationship not only with the source text but also with the social, cultural, and economic environment of the society in which they were produced, and therefore have rewritten the source text by reflecting problems of their society

Mobile language learning applications have become the integral part of modern life in recent years. However, evidence on their effectiveness on L2 learning outcomes remains limited. Due to the important role of reading comprehension in the foreign language learning process, this study aims to investigate the impact of a mobile language learning app, Sayra, on Iranian EFL learners’ reading comprehension. The research was conducted at Iran Language Institute in Iran. A total of 57 intermediate-level students were randomly assigned to either a treatment group (N=30) or a control group (N=27). Focusing on short story comprehension, the experimental group was trained using the Sayra Language Learning App, while the control group continued with traditional classroom instruction. Both groups underwent pre- and post-tests to assess their reading comprehension. The results obtained showed improvements in reading comprehension skill for both groups. However, the treatment group achieved significantly better results than the control group on the post-test. With respect to the students’ perceptions, the students perceived Sayra’s user-friendliness, gamification, and competitive nature as its benefits. These findings suggest that incorporating MALL apps, like Sayra, into language instruction can be a valuable complement to traditional methods.