taghi nazarpour

The active presence of students in the academic libraries has been on a steady decline throughout the digital era. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the quality of academic library spaces. The research method was correlational and the target population has consisted of all central library users of top universities in Tehran. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 246 users of the academic libraries, from January to March 2019. Respondents were selected using cluster sampling method. The users’ satisfaction on academic library questionnaire was completed by all participants. Respondents ranked their responses among each of the variables by using Likert scale. 210 questionnaires were included in the final analysis after exclusion of 36 questionnaires with missing data. Data analyses were done by using SPSS software and the validity of the questionnaire was analyzed. To process information and identify categories of items of questionnaires, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used and three major factors of users’ satisfaction in libraries have been extracted according to the users’ opinion. Results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between users’ satisfaction and place attachment and functions of interior spaces (r=0.662, p<0.01), software infrastructure (r=0.589, p<0.01) and environmental comfort and aesthetics (r=0.193, p<0.05). It is clear that these components should be considered by designers and architects, in order to obedience of provided regulations can solve the present difficulties of academic libraries.

 Education and training are fundamental for building a healthy society in the future. The adaptation of the learning context to the learner’s needs has been an important focus in recent years due to the growth and wide-spread changes in educational practices. It is believed that these values function as the principles that help define the professional practices taking place in schools. Paying attention to the buildings and closed spaces of schools and lack of attention to open spaces have been the main weaknesses of schools in Iran and the existing open spaces do not fully address the educational needs of students. The open spaces allow the students to utilize an environment for more informal educational means. Accessibility of open and green space within the schools is important for certain groups of users. This research seeks to find practical ways to design educational spaces that enhance students’ enthusiasm for learning. In contrast to most previous studies that considered one or a few variables to address the problem, the present study tried to take into account some of the most important components for designers. Based on the objectives, the current research attempted to answer the following main questions: 1. What elements of architectural design of educational spaces are used in order to increase student’s learning efficiency? 2. Which design guidelines are considered important by experts in spatial organization of schools to improve students’ learning and creativity? The research method used in this qualitative study was the Delphi technique. The Delphi method is a structured communication technique or method, originally developed as a systematic, interactive forecasting method which relies on a panel of experts. The experts answer questionnaires in two or more rounds. After each round, a facilitator or change agent provides an anonymous summary of the experts’ forecasts from the previous round as well as the reasons they provided for their judgments. Thus, experts are encouraged to revise their earlier answers in light of the replies of other members of their panel. Based on the nature of the study, a questionnaire was used as the main method of data collection. The structure of the questionnaire was based on closed questions, in order to standardize the responses and allow for easier categorization. The questions were taken from the subject literature and each item consisted of a 5-point Likert scale that ranged from “completely disagree” to “completely agree.” The study demonstrated the extent of influence of factors on increasing the students’ learning and creativity by utilizing the views of designers and architects, environmental psychologists, experts in educational spaces working in the Organization for Development, Renovation and Equipping Schools and senior officials of General Directorate of Education. A total of 95 invitations were sent out to the experts and 60 experts agreed to participate and completed the first and second rounds. Main domains were extracted from different literature, then they were classified into four groups, namely, physical, environmental, social relation, and furniture and equipment. Each of these groups contained some elements and there were 27 elements entirely. A t-test was used to determine whether or not the experts’ opinions on the first and second round were similar. The results demonstrated that a significance level of α=0.05 was reached, and the p-value of all criteria exceeded 0.05. The results showed a very slight increase in the convergence in round two from round one although no significant movement in the mean scores was found. Thus, it was felt that continuing the research for further rounds would not produce any extra convergence of opinions. The next step was to calculate ranks based on the importance of each factor. The research presents the results of the ranking and weighting of the factors by the experts according to the groups of factors. What immediately emerges in each case is the difference in importance ranking given by each group of participants. The results of ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between the designers, architects and environmental psychologists and experts in educational spaces working in the Organization for Development, Renovation and Equipping Schools and senior officials of General Directorate of Education and their opinions to several factors. Given the different needs of students, a framework for school design is presented to provide design guidelines for architects and professionals. There are some principles that can be used to promote student learning and to provide an environment favorable to education and creativity. It is clear that the designers and architects should consider stated factors and should adhere to the proposed principles and regulations to solve the present difficulties of educational spaces.