non-intervention principle

International Crisis in 1990s led to gross violation of human rights including mass atrocities, genocide, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing as well. at the end of 1990s it was crystal clear that Humanitarian Intervention doctrine can not give a proper answer to humanitarian disasters. The Humanitarian Intervention doctrine has no Powerful legal bases in International Customary Law and treaty based International Common Law. Deficiencies of this doctrine led the international community towards the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. According to R to P, sovereignty is not a privilege but a responsibility. R to P makes concentration on prevention and halt of crimes including “genocide, war crimes, crime against humanity”. It recognizes low intensified military measures in case of deadlock of UNSC and failure of all diplomatic means.
Despite the fact that most of international organizations like UNHRC in their frequent reports and resolutions referred to commitment of atrocity crimes in Syria but due to lack of international support the doctrine was not implemented. This article is about to discuss about the legality of Humanitarian Intervention in Syria and the latest development of this doctrine within the framework of Responsibility to Protect doctrine. Regarding the subject matter not only we survey the treaty base International Common Law, Customary International Common Law, UNSC and GA resolutions and documents, international legal texts, practices of states and International organizations but also the author survey the political and security consequences of R to P implementation in Syria.

In the information age, cyber-attacks represent a novel type regarding use of force and they can lead to create massive damages to the critical infrastructure of a government, property and loss of human lives and thus by violation of article 2, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Charter, they take into consideration as illegal use of force. But the issue is that today the legitimacy of cyber-attacks is evaluated from the non-use of force approach set forth in article 2, paragraph 4 of the charter, and in order to have an illegal intervention, cyber warfare researchers claim that cyber-attacks must lead to physical damages, but the problem is that many cyber-attacks do not result in physical damages and thus do not fall within the scope of the prohibition laid down in article 2, paragraph 4, of the charter, and according to this approach, victim states are  not able to defend themselves. But this article seeks to show that cyber-attacks, which force governments to take actions that are able to decide freely on them under the principle of sovereignty, violates the principle of non-interference in internal affairs of states and for the victim state, the right to take countermeasures is created.