نشریه پژوهش های سیاسی و بین المللی
پیاپی 33 (اسفند 1396)

Explaining the discourse (realistic idealism) in foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the present research attempts to amalgamate between ideal and real goals as two contradictory elements. Specifically, the paper seeks to answer the question of whether the discourse of realistic idealism can be used as a theoretical framework for analyzing the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran during the period of construction? The main hypothesis of the paper points to the appropriateness of the realistic idealism discourse as a theoretical framework for analyzing the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran during the period of construction according to the existing cases and evidence. For this purpose descriptive-analytical method has been used. The results of this research shows that the realistic idealism discourse has been implemented in policies of construction government such as political multilateralism, détente and normalization of relations with countries, compromise and non-alignment reform.

The emergence and empowered of ISIS in Iraq and its dominant on the vast parts of this country, not only encounter Iraq with security crisis and serious territorial threat but has created an important threat for regional and international security. The formation of power construction and politics in Iraq in post-Saddam era is a turning point in the Iran-Iraq relations, but the presence of ISIS promotes this relation to new stage specially in regarding to this point that ISIS has sought to establish a new territorial entity in Iraq and Syria. The main question of this article is that what effects has the presence of ISIS in Iraq on the relation between Iran and Iraq specially in terms of security-political dimension. In this way, the main hypothesis is that the emergence of ISIS in Iraq strengthens the bilateral relations of Iran and Iraq against the common threat and maintaining the territorial integrity of Iraq. Using realist theory (alliance and coalition) and descriptive-analytical method, this paper tries to explain the impact of ISIS emergence on the Iran- Iraq relations.

Legal basis of UN’s economic sanctions are the 39 and 41 articles of UN charter. Article 39 denote the exclusive jurisdiction of UN in recognizing the breach of charter by member states as well as levying sanction arrangements. Also article 41 denote set of sanction actions that security council put against targeted states. According to note 2 and 3 from article 2 and articles 25,24,49 and 103, member states are obligate to obey the sanction resolution of UN. Still members are not obligated to accept and perform the resolution unless they took it compatible with spirit and content of charter. As well as this sanctions should not be in contrast with jus cogens, human right basis and basic human right like right to development, food, medical care, medicine and so on. In this article we will discuss about the nature of sanctions, all type of sanctions, legal basis of all prevalent type of sanctions and its changes.

Alongside conventional media, new social media in cyberspace have a very serious presence in the lives of Iranian citizens and are increasingly being added to their influencing sphere. Accordingly, considering the influential role of this kind of media on all members of society and especially the present generations, the main aim of this article is to study and explain cultural policy making in the Islamic Republic of Iran towards this kind of media. In such a situation and in response to the quality of cultural policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the new social media and their socio-cultural implications, it is assumed that cultural planners in Iran have not yet been able to make appropriate and effective cultural policy which is designed for this environment. Indeed, new social media in the cyberspace in the country continue to be abandoned and uncontrollable, and after many years of internet entry, there has not been a comprehensive plan to use it, indicating that It has the release of this space. Accordingly, cultural policy makers of the country are actively involved and wisely, they must have an up-to-date and realistic understanding of cyberspace, and then design policy mechanisms appropriate to the new space.

Human rights in today's world are more than just a wish and a legal request. It is a political tool for Western pressure on the non-Western world. In spite of this, we can use the scientific approach to the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" as the most excellent legal document - with comparative legal texts and legal doctrines. This article aims to provide a comparative study of the fundamentals of human rights in Islam and the West to explain the shortcomings of the Universal Charter of Human Rights and the advantages of Islamic law. In its review, the Islamic human rights superiority over Western human rights has come in many respects, including: origin, belonging, relationship with morality, relationship with nature, subject infrastructures, evaluating instruments and so on. It's necessary to mention that the part of western human rights regarding the third generation of human rights which is not written in universal charter of Human Rights, isn't been studied.

Strengthening national unity and solidarity is one of the goals and basic categories of every state. Today's globalization with the free flow of information and the ever-expanding technology, Communication and change in interactions and relationships from micro to macro levels, has created challenges and opportunities against the international community. Pluralism is recognized as the main axis of understanding and analyzing the blend of globalization and its fate. In the area of ​​ethnicities, as in other areas, the process of globalization can have different effects and, in any case, has brought about change. And what seems important is the need for rethinking and reviewing ethnicity policies. Given the importance of the issue, the statements of the Supreme Leader will be the best guideline in this regard. Therefore, this research is an attempt to draw the desired model of convergence in Iran, with emphasis on leadership routines based on ethnicity. Therefore, the present article seeks to respond to this concern, based on its basic assumption that the model of pluralism based on Iranian-Islamic identity is the most appropriate and practical model for promoting the level of convergence of Iranian ethnic groups in the current situation, which also expresses diversity and expression of unity with respect to the conditions of the country of Iran.

Signing is an important part of the personality and legal, commercial, and even artistic credentials of individuals, and it is necessary to validate international documents. Signing a document is the most important reason for the document's approval and acceptance of the content of the document by the Contracting Party. In this sense, security is so important in such a process, and the entry of this process in digital and electronic space make the importance of this issue twice. Therefore, without the necessary infrastructure in the digital environment, there is no possibility of providing electronic services. The need to legislate alongside these technologies to provide this security is one of the most effective ways of realizing this issue So, in this research, we first briefly and comprehensively examine and explain the electronic signatures in different legal systems, and then we examine the different approaches of these systems to the issue of security of electronic signatures. In a way that through studying some of the laws of different countries, including the United States, France and Iran it should be possible to determine an approach which is appropriate to the issue of security in the field of electronic signatures.

The main question in the discussion of the responsibility of multinational companies due to violations of environmental requirements is the question of which legal obligations and obligations can be identified, and to what extent do these companies, have legal obligations to adhere and upgrade environmental standards? However, international environmental law has predicted firm commitments for these companies, but we, in this study, taking into account the environmental principles governing the activities of multinational corporations, and in accordance with judicial procedures, the mechanism and the regime's work has reviewed these companies' liability for damages caused by violations of environmental obligations.

In the information age, cyber-attacks represent a novel type regarding use of force and they can lead to create massive damages to the critical infrastructure of a government, property and loss of human lives and thus by violation of article 2, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Charter, they take into consideration as illegal use of force. But the issue is that today the legitimacy of cyber-attacks is evaluated from the non-use of force approach set forth in article 2, paragraph 4 of the charter, and in order to have an illegal intervention, cyber warfare researchers claim that cyber-attacks must lead to physical damages, but the problem is that many cyber-attacks do not result in physical damages and thus do not fall within the scope of the prohibition laid down in article 2, paragraph 4, of the charter, and according to this approach, victim states are  not able to defend themselves. But this article seeks to show that cyber-attacks, which force governments to take actions that are able to decide freely on them under the principle of sovereignty, violates the principle of non-interference in internal affairs of states and for the victim state, the right to take countermeasures is created.

It can be said that in today's world, the phenomenon of terrorism as a driving force for political, social, economic, and ... developments have been replaced by known phenomena such as revolutions, wars, coups, riots, and so on. The situation which caused other challenges. One of the prominent features of the Middle East is Islamic fundamentalism, which not only has theoretical aspect but has practically had many effects on this area. Fundamentalists have been working on various topics over the past few decades. Fundamentalism and radical extremism are the most important threats to peace and security in the Middle East, where understanding the nature and complexity of this phenomenon and its impact on the formation of new equations in the Middle East is very important. So the basic question is, what is the basis for the rise and spread of ISIS and the extremism of terrorism in the Middle East? ISIS as one of the fundamental groups, has turned the Middle East into a multiplicative equation through it progress and developments in this region.This paper studies the ISIS and the terrorism in the Middle East to seek the rise and spread of ISIS and the extremism of terrorism in the Middle East, also how to strengthen ISIS at the mental, national, regional and international levels, by studying terrorism and extremism in the Middle East. In the end, some ways to counter extreme currents in the Middle East has been presented.

The Islamic Republic of Iran, as a free and independent country, has always been influential in regional and international developments due to its geopolitical and geo-strategic position. The issuance of resistance thinking and the struggle against colonialism, imperialism, tyranny, and scientific and technological advances, as well as the constitutional movement, the nationalization of the oil industry and the Islamic Revolution of 1977 In the domestic level and the eight-year resistance in the imposed war, the management of the nuclear crisis and the role has been played in Iraq and Syria at the regional and international levels are typical and historical examples of Iran's role. Also, in the process of emergence, development and itself consolidation, has become a unique factor in the revival, sustainability and development of Islamic awakening and in the present situation has become the center of organizing Islamic convergence in the West Asia. Therefore, this article addresses the role of Iran's regional power based on the opportunities and threats through descriptive-analytical method.

This article tries to show that, Persepolis political thought, not only is a discourse that has more elements of discourse, but also is a super discourse, because in more than a thousand and one hundred years, continuation of the kind of discipline oriented was the dominant as the hegemonic on one side, and its internal sub-discourses of normative and equitability have been suppressed as antagonism and otherness. Floating signifiers of this super discourse emerged from Iran's belief systems, Zoroastrian normative, political organizations, ecosystems and have strengthened them through the networking of power. In this super discourse, ontology and epistemology with each other created power networks around the central signifier (king ideal), which also contains aspects of the idea and material. This super discourse includes fundamental moment such as order, wisdom and obedience, articulate with its central signifier and its ultimate goal is creating honesty and rightly based on good governance as the best social agent.

Realization of Human Security in Light of Good Governance Maedeh Samadi Dr. Seyyed Bagher Mir Abbasi Dr. Mohammad Hasan Habibi Dr. Ehsan Kamrani   Abstract Advocacy of human rights and proposing “human security” issue in the new system of international law as a newfound concept, has led to a change in traditional look towards security in this system. In the present paper, besides taking into consideration the concept of security in realist and liberal Perspectives, the performance of state in regard of enforcement of rules (as the first serious addressee of providing and guaranteeing human rights in international rights system) from national security to focus on human security in the context of good governance was considered as well. The purpose is to understand the effect of good governance on human security realization; in such a way that states would be able to increase coefficient of human security provision and guaranty by changing method of governance in their territory, and reforming governance structure besides taking steps to strengthen individuals in the face of human insecurity is also a coherent approach to provide a cooperative background for civil society .

The contracts as the basis of private obligations, have the most important role in our society. The principals Autonomy of will and Freedom of contracts have some limitations.One of them is public policy. In according to Iran civil code , All of contracts that are not obey public policy , are null and the courts should not execute them!!But because of complicated and vague meaning of public policy the Iranian courts do not have any desire to apply it in their decisions.On the other hand there are great relationship between public policy and cause of contracts. In other words, the cause of contracts should confirm with public policy.