problems

In a nation-state, the constitution is often viewed as the most direct embodiment of the social contract. Legislators regard its amendment as a means to accommodate evolving needs and demands. While the 1979/1358 Constitution of the Islamic of Iran did not acknowledge revisions, the 1989/1368 version introduced the principle of revision under Article 177. However, despite over three decades passing and the rapid societal and global changes, this constitution remains unamended. The apparent disinterest in revision seems to stem more from the inherent challenges associated with the principle of revision itself, rather than a lack of changing circumstances. Previous studies have not thoroughly detailed the process of revision and the subsequent steps. Recognizing this gap, this paper identifies the challenges inherent in the constitution and proposes solutions to overcome the difficulties.

This study employs an ‘Exploratory Research’ methodology, transforming seemingly ordinary issues into a central ‘problem’ that becomes the focus of subsequent investigations. The methodology of this research emphasizes a ‘thick description’ as a crucial initial step. Such a description aims to examine the context of events and interpret their significance. In describing the 'problem' of revising Iran's constitution, the researcher engages in discerning layers of meaning, reinterpreting them, as well as analyzing actions and dialogues that held significance for all individuals involved in the process of ratifying the Constitution.The primary question of this study is: What problems impede the revision of the Iran constitution? Given the historical perspective and the nature of the question posed, a ‘thick description’ is employed to identify problems. By analyzing diverse data, the study aims to elucidate certain ‘problems’ encountered in the revision of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

As per Article 177 of the Constitution, amendments are made in necessary instances following specific procedures. As inferred from this article, the review process itself, along with the institutions and authorities involved in it, constitute some of the factors that pose challenges and complications in its implementation: The authority initiating the constitutional revision process: As per the stipulations of the Iranian Constitution, a comprehensive revision cannot occur without the directive of the Supreme Leader. Essentially, without his consent, partial amendments are only possible in instances explicitly stated as exceptions by the law. Furthermore, while the Supreme Leader is obliged to seek the advisory opinion of the Expediency Council, he retains the discretion to either accept or dismiss their suggestions.Establishing the terms for Constitutional revision: The designation of certain provisions and issues as ‘non-revisable’ in Article 177 of the Constitution, when viewed broadly, may pose challenges for future generations in addressing societal needs. Concurrently, several principles, as per this article and subject to diverse and conflicting interpretations, could be deemed non-revisable, thereby rendering any form of revision seemingly impractical and superficial.The composition of the Constitutional Revision Council and the problem of power centralization: At present, the Revision Council is projected to have around 87 members, with 17 of them being directly elected by the people.The procedure of constitutional revision and the problem of ambiguity: The primary issue with the implementation of the constitutional revision procedure is the ambiguity stemming from the lack of clear guidelines in the law.The process of approving constitutional amendments and the problem of public participation: Given that the Supreme Leader appoints nearly two-thirds of the Constitutional Revision Council members, it’s crucial to ensure diversity and consider various perspectives in their selection. This approach should reflect the opinions of the Iranian people, which is particularly important for the successful revision of the constitution.In general, the primary objective of constitutional revision is to ensure the continuity of law and safeguard citizens’ rights across different periods. While Article 177 of the Constitution addresses this, several obstacles hinder the revision process. These include ambiguity in initiating the revision process, unclear guidelines on which articles can be revised, a structure that potentially centralizes power, limited circulation of elites, and minimal citizen participation in legal processes. These problems pose significant hurdles to the process. In fact, the magnitude of these legal and customary issues and ambiguities has made updating the Constitution a daunting task.

Skills-based trainings in the armed forces suffer from a variety of problems that reduce their efficiency and effectiveness. This study aimed to identify the problems with these trainings by comparing the current and desirable situations in the pedagogical dimensions, components and indicators. This research is a case study with an integrated approach, for which library and field methods were used to collect data. By inferring the skills-based trainings from the six documents mentioned in the conceptual framework, 10 dimensions and 49 components were identified, and 220 effective indicators were obtained for them and then standardized and finalized based on the experts opinions. Then, after determining the references, tools and methods of evaluating skills-based trainings, the gap between the current and desirable situations of each of the indicators and components was described and analyzed based on the data collected from 68 people of the statistical population (in full) in the form of a comprehensive questionnaire and using descriptive statistical methods and chi-square test 2. The research results identified the main problems with skills-based trainings, the first three problems with components were "lack of proper feedback from training courses", "lack of updated trainings" and "students donot have necessary qualification" and the first three problems with indicators were "weakness of learners’ skills in English and Arabic", "poor feedback from the staff’s district" and "lack of educational simulations".

One of the most important issues in a country is the role of political structure in cultural policy making. State policy is the setting, formulation and presentation of rules and standards that meet the general requirements of the state for the actions and collective interests of the nation. What has been examined in this research is the role of Iran's political structure in cultural policy-making. In this study, the sociological libraries of secondary education in education were examined. In order to enter into the discussion, first the sources of studies such as books, articles, internet resources, etc. The subject of the research was studied and explained and after reviewing the sociological books of secondary school, the research indicators and variables were extracted and based on it A model was proposed and questionnaires were extracted. To prove the proposed model from Delphi method and LISREL and SPSS softwares. Used. The results show that the legislature, executive and judiciary are involved, respectively. Among the methods of cultural policy making, cultural goal-making (goal-oriented policy-making) is the highest ranked, followed by policy-making to tackle cultural problems and, ultimately, futuristic policy-making. Influential. Structural equation model testing of research hypotheses in standard estimation mode and significant coefficients proved significant and positive relationship of all sub-components with related components and political structure of Iran.