complexity theory

Game theory is a well-known theory in political studies, international relations and interdisciplinary research, which is widely used in the analysis of phenomena in different dimensions and at the national, regional and global geographic levels. Although the concept of "competition" plays a key role in the drawing and formation of game theory, in spite of that, the scientific literature of geopolitical knowledge has not benefited from it to investigate the phenomena. For this purpose, the geopolitical explanation of game theory in geopolitical systems and the introduction of this concept to geopolitical analysis and explanation is the topic of the upcoming article. This article tries to answer the question of how to explain the structure and function of game theory in geographical environments with the approach of geopolitical systems. In response to this question and with an explanatory descriptive method based on Saunders' research methodology model, the hypothesis of the article is that "the theory of games in competitions, conflicts, cooperation and convergences and other patterns of geopolitical relations and in complex geopolitical systems with at least one objective geographical source deals with, has the role of modeling and drawing operational solutions, and by receiving data and values from geopolitics, it brings the complex geopolitical system to a new balance and order". The findings of the research show that game theory is the subject of social, political and international relations studies, and in particular, due to the centrality of "power and competition" in this theory, it is considered a topic of discussion in geopolitical science. Since the function of game theory is considered in geopolitical systems, the authors' interpretation of the concept of system is "complex geopolitical system" with the components of complexity theory.

The city is always dynamic and changing. This dynamism is more intense in the central part of the city due to the variety of elements, actors and various processes that create the space; So that the planning of this valuable urban area has been associated with events, uncertainty and complexity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the processes, factors, mechanisms and actors affecting the complexities of spatial developments in the central part of Tehran and Introducing the theory of complexity as the basis theory in the study and planning of spatial dynamics in the central part of cities. The research method is based on the method of oriented qualitative content analysis and the information is collected in the form of documents and interviews. The statistical sample also includes 30 elite managers and experts working in the municipalities of District 12 and Districts 1 and 2 of District 11 (research area) who Are selected through purposive sampling. The results show that the four main parameters, namely space actors, processes, management and planning, and land use patterns affect the complex spatial evolution of the central part of Tehran and cause complexity features such as diversity, events, fractal nature, lack Certainty, nonlinear growth, etc. in the planning of this valuable urban area. As a result, the idea of the central part of cities is crystallized as a complex system. Also, despite the complexity of the system in the central part of Tehran and its upward trend over time, the planning of this complex system has been accompanied by the selection of comprehensive and detailed plans with reductionism, which has led to the decline and withering of the central part of Tehran. Accordingly, in studying and planning the transformations in the central part of cities, a new theoretical need is felt and that is the theory of complexity.