جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « دانش نوین » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The study of natural disasters management literature shows that nowadays a new approach as social based management has been brought up that considers knowledge, capacities and cultures for reduce vulnerability from natural disasters. The community has a central role in disaster management. The focus of attention in disaster management must be the local community. Therefore Risk reduction strategies should work towards reducing vulnerability and at the same time capitalize on the inherent social and cultural capacities of the communities. Community-based Disaster Management (CBDM) approach support the inclusion of knowledge held by local affected people in disaster risk reduction strategies to help reduce the vulnerability of disaster-prone communities. Many indigenous communities understand their local environment and care for it, maintain lessons from past disasters, and are invested in the place where they live. The use of indigenous knowledge in the field of disaster risk reduction is an additional tool that can help vulnerable communities. Currently, the approach of application of indigenous methods beside of modern techniques to reduce vulnerability from disasters is concerned. Due to the particular position of Iran’s geography, the types of natural disasters such as drought, flood, earthquake, glacial, avalanche, and etc to occurs. While Iran's rural communities have low safety level against natural disaster, because of connection with the natural environment and unsuitable location most of villages. Multiple natural hazards also often occur in Khoresh Rostam district (the study area). This is due to geographical position of the region. Rural communities in Iran's history dealing with natural and socio-economic hazards and agricultural activities and their production, in order to reduce unexpected dangers, have used different methods. Various innovations in societies, particularly rural societies to reduce vulnerability is being carried out which could be considered as a compliment to modern knowledge. In order to present article has been analyzed indigenous and modern knowledge in rural communities that have been effective in reducing the effects of natural disasters.Research - The discovery and collection of indigenous and modern methods of reducing the effects of natural hazards in rural areas of Khoresh Rostam district of Khalkhal township, and- Assess the different effectiveness of indigenous and modern knowledge and technology to reduce the effects of natural disasters including earthquakes, glacial, drought and flood in rural areas of Khoresh Rostam district of Khalkhal township.In order to achieve the above objectives, the following hypotheses are tested: The effectiveness of indigenous and modern knowledge for reducing vulnerability to natural hazards of earthquake, glacial, drought and flood differs, and indigenous knowledge has scored more in comparison with modern knowledge in rural areas of Khoresh Rostam district of Khalkhal township.The method research is descriptive, analytical and surveying. The system of gathering information is librarian and free techniques include of observation, interview and questionnaire.First in relying on documents and question of the Sample number, the dominant natural disasters were identified, then the damage caused by natural disasters of the region was identified and as indicator were used. Then indigenous and modern knowledge in rural community of the study area was covered. Then a Developed questionnaire was distributed in the studied villages, and to examine hypothesis, SPSS software and Independent-Sample T test have been used. Based on research on natural hazards, indigenous and modern measures in reduction of risk of natural disasters in rural communities of Khoresh Rostam district of Khalkhal township have been included several strategies. But generally indigenous and modern strategies in the region in three categories of protecting people, livestock and agricultural products and protecting agricultural lands, orchards and pastures can be classified few groups including construction technology, technologies of land management, cropping pattern, zoning, land use, water management and etc. In the area of construction, indigenous and modern techniques used include zoning, stability and pattern of architecture and design. It is notable that indigenous design and construction techniques have been developed according to resistance against storm, glacial and earthquakes and meaning climates and environmental conditions. In the area zoning, strategies are including the construction of homes and facilities away from hazardous region, in the field of land use, strategies are to protect land and prevent soil loss and landslide and erosion. For the cropping pattern that was considered most indigenous techniques in the region, are including cropping and harvesting of production and type of land for harvesting, and have been developed according to drought, glacial, and storm disaster. And planting and harvesting time so that is the least damage from a hazard. Also in the area of water management, techniques used to water collect and management and soil conservation and erosion reduction. Results of analyzing hypothesis of “difference between indigenous and modern knowledge efficiency on reduction of natural disaster vulnerability of earthquake, glacial, drought and flood in environmental, physical and economic dimensions in rural areas of Khoresh Rostam district shows there is a significant difference between indigenous and modern knowledge efficiency for reduction of natural disaster vulnerability of earthquake, glacial, drought and flood in environmental, physical and economic dimensions in 0.05 alpha level. Results shows indigenous knowledge has been more efficiency against earthquake, glacial, drought and flood in rural areas of Khoresh Rostam district. We can say that the people of the villages in the study area have good local knowledge in dealing with natural hazards and disaster management that show important of indigenous knowledge in process of natural disasters management. Generally the local knowledge of disaster cannot be separated from other knowledge systems in communities, mean modern scientific knowledge. It is suggested that those responsible in rural planning and natural disaster management are considered indigenous knowledge of rural community, Because this knowledge is obtained from the symbiosis of rural with environments and disaster, not only effective in reducing disaster risk, but is also in direction with sustainable development.

Traditional knowledge (TK)، indigenous knowledge (IK)، traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and local knowledge generally refer to knowledge systems embedded in the cultural traditions of regional، indigenous، or local communities. Traditional knowledge includes types of knowledge about traditional technologies of subsistence (e. g. tools and techniques for hunting or agriculture)، midwifery، ethno botany and ecological knowledge، celestial navigation، ethno astronomy، the climate etc. These kinds of knowledge are crucial for the subsistence and survival and are generally based on accumulations of empirical observation and interaction with the environment. In many cases، traditional knowledge has been orally passed for generations from person to person. Some forms of traditional knowledge are expressed through stories، legends، folklore، rituals، songs، and even laws. Other forms of traditional knowledge are expressed through different means. A natural hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment. Many natural hazards are interrelated، e. g. earthquakes can cause tsunamis and drought can lead directly to famine or population displacement. It is possible that some natural hazards are inter-temporally correlated، as well. A concrete example of the division between a natural hazard and a natural disaster is that the 1906 San Francisco earthquake was a disaster، whereas living on a fault line is a hazard. Natural hazard is an important challenge in rural development. It is important that we control it for decreasing harm. Domestic method is a good method in rural development especially hazard control. Study of literature of natural hazards management show that today approach of action to hazard with imperative-control and technology structure change to new approach that it calls social management. It focuses on culture، capacity، and local society knowledge. In this paper we study this question: • How is role of local and modern Knowledge in decreasing of environmental harm in studied region? Study area: Harsinis city of Kermanshah province that has both the Central and Biston. Harsin city in the 2005 census has a population of over 91،300 people، 53،731 of whom are urban and 37،569 rural people، where almost two-thirds of its population is urban population. This paper did in Shirz rural district. This place is in Harsin County in Kermanshah province. Harsin is a city in and the capital of Harsin County، Kermanshah Province، Iran. At the 2006 census، its population was 51،562، in 12،001 families. Harsin is situated 44 km east of Kermanshah، and lies 1،570 meters (5،150 ft) above sea level. The rural county has 13 villages and its crowd equal with 10992. Shizr rural district has 13 villages and a population of over 10،992 people according to the 2006 census. Villages in the region naturally into three groups in terms of the plains، foothills، and mountains are. Most villages in the district of which are plain wheat، horticulture and animal husbandry are the main activities of the villagers in this area

Investigative method was descriptive-analysis and survey method. We used from questionnaire، interview with people، seeing for collecting data. This paper studies this assumption: domestic knowledge have larger slice than new knowledge about natural damage (cold، glacial and dry) in Shirz County. In this paper we used from SPSS software and Fisher test. For study of local knowledge we used from investigative methods for example، seeing، speaking with people and older people and for new knowledge we used from questionnaire and interview. A survey of the rural population in the sample villages are 50 years or older. According to ID Villages in 1385 the total number of villages in this part of the 13 villages، of which nine villages were randomly selected using random sampling and Cochran is 95% and the accuracy of probability of 0. 09، sample size n = 90 is calculated، all the age group 50 years and above were selected. The number of samples obtained for each village with the appropriatenessSocial statistic was 90 people that selected by Cochran method. We used from random sampling.

The first we study variety of hazard for example، drought، flood and cold. In local method، source teaching was rural chief، family and important people but in mother method school and education method were important. Help source in local method were important people but in modern method were government institute for example Basij. In assumption test we understand that total of modern and local method is better from mother method. The effectiveness of local knowledge، modern and a combination of both new knowledge to reduce vulnerability to cold and freezing in three components: environmental، economic and social impacts were assessed. As is evident from the paper that the average difference between the effectiveness of local knowledge in reducing the damaging affect of cold and frost in combination of three components: environmental، economic and social there. Effectiveness of local knowledge in each of the environmental components، the average efficiency of new knowledge in the social and economic dimensions of environmental، economic، social and greater knowledge of the effect of the combination of the two. The effectiveness of a combination of the two knowledge in each of the three components of environmental، social and economic effectiveness of new knowledge is higher than average. Therefore، the effectiveness of local knowledge with modern knowledge to reduces the effects of cold Confirmed. Results say that there are different between domestic knowledge and new knowledge in decreasing natural hazard damage and domestic knowledge have larger slice than new knowledge in natural hazard management in rural area. This paper says that we cannot dope economic، cultural and social phenomenon. For controlling natural hazard present some modern tools. But we believe that local methods are profit and better those modern tools. In this study، comparison of indigenous knowledge، new and evaluated the combination of the two. In the case of floods and droughts and cold، as well as more rural indigenous knowledge of two other statuses (new، combined) are.

The results show that indigenous knowledge in many cases is better to deal with natural disasters. However، modern science''s role in reducing risks cannot be ignored. Local communities use from the different procedures for managing the risk of natural hazards. Government uses from modern procedures. Because each has unique characteristics and they can together have a better performance. Therefore we recommended that modern and local procedures merge together for better function

The rural areas of Iran have faced many challenges during 1990s and 2000s due to the failure of development programs, persistent draughts, vulnerability of rural economics and their consequences, including lack of employment opportunities and increasing migrations to urban districts. Therefore it is necessary to identify the potentials of indigenous knowledge, its prospects and challenges for rural areas. Since an indigenous knowledge is constructed on the basis of the realities of its environment, it provides us with appropriate methods to manage the environment. The integration of this indigenous knowledge with modern forms of knowledge can provide us with initiatives to achieve sustainable development. This study aims to introduce such an initiative in rural development, based on indigenous knowledge. This is an applied study which follows an analytic-descriptive methodology. The data were collected through archival and field studies. The sample includes 381 households, selected from 33 villages around Birjand (each containing more than 20 households) by the help of Cochran method. To confirm or reject the hypothesis, analytical methods including Fisher and Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis were conducted by use of SPSS software. Regarding the effectiveness of integration of two above-mentioned knowledge systems, the findings of Fisher and Kruskal-Wallis analysis show that this integration will result in an increase in productivity, income, and willingness to stay in village and will result in decrease in migration to urban areas. Therefore, the integration of indigenous and modern knowledge systems can facilitate achieving sustainable development. Limitations: The main obstacles were the difficulties in collecting data on indigenous knowledge and villagers’ lack of self-confidence. Practical Implications: We suggest that establishing a data bank on indigenous knowledge, applying appropriate technologies and using participative approaches will facilitate the revival and development of rural areas. Originality and Value: Recognizing and examining the potentials of integrated knowledge systems and the compatible technologies in accordance with them will increase sustainability in rural development.