recurrent $c

In this paper, the recurrent events that can occur more than once over the follow-up time have been modeled by phase-type distributions. The time till death is assumed to have a phase-type distribution (defined in a Markov chain environment) with interpretable parameters. We use phase-type distribution to calculate the probability of various number of transitions, the conditional expected time to stay in a disease stage and the probability of transition from a stage to another. Using both real and simulated datasets, the model has been calibrated. The confidence intervals for the parameters have been created using bootstrap approaches.

The interest in the role of tonsils and tonsillar disorders in a variety of immunological adaptations have been increased, but their precise systemic immunological roles are not well-established. Samples obtained from 38 patients with palatine tonsillar hypertrophy (Group I, which was further classified into Group Ia including 16 patients with tonsillar hypertrophy without recurrent tonsillitis, and Group Ib including 22 patients with recurrent tonsillitis). Group II included 38 samples of apparently healthy controls were studied. The levels of ASOT, IL-10, and lactoferrin in venous samples were measured, in addition to histopathological examination and immunohistochemical assessment of the CD3 and CD20 expression on the excised samples. The serum level of ASOT among group Ib candidates were significantly higher than that in group Ia and group II. Furthermore, ASOT level showed significantly higher readings in group Ia than in group II. In addition, when comparing group Ia to group II, there was no statistically significant distinction in the levels of IL-10. In contrast, group Ib showed statistically higher levels of IL-10 than group Ia and group II. The group Ia demonstrated no significant statistical difference regarding the lactoferrin levels when compared with group II and statistically significant lower levels of lactoferrin in group Ib was seen when compared to group Ia and II. Recurrent tonsillitis of the hypertrophied tonsils has stronger effects on the systemic immune components than isolated hypertrophy. Further research and analysis are needed to determine the specific nature and individual variances of these influences.

In this paper, we consider an initial-boundary problem for a wave equation containing nonlinear integral terms. By the linear approximate method associated with the Faedo-Galerkin method, the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the proposed problem are proved. Moreover, a high-order asymptotic expansion in a small parameter of the weak solution is also discussed.

One of the most practical nonparametric methods in analysis of time series observations is the singular spectrum analysis method‎. ‎This method has been developed and applied to many practical problems across different fields and continuous efforts have been made to improve this method‎, ‎especially in forecasting‎. ‎In this paper‎, ‎the state space model and Kalman filter algorithms are used for noise elimination and time series smoothing‎. ‎Finally‎, ‎we compare these forecasting methods' abilities using the root mean squared error criteria for simulation studies and the real datasets.

The main purpose of this study was to work out the relationship between different polymorphisms of PAI (Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor type 1) 4G/5G and XIII Val34Leu genes in women with first-semester recurrent miscarriage (RM) syndrome. Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is an obstetric challenge. Polymorphisms of factor XIII (FXIII)and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) may cause an imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis that can end in RM.  This case-control study enclosed 48 women with at least two or three abortions and 50 women with at least one pregnancy as a control.  DNA molecule was extracted from peripheral blood samples by the phenol-chloroform methodology. Different variants of the two genes were amplified by Amplification Refractory Mutation System - Polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) method. Finally, we analyzed allele frequencies and genotypes, Odd Ratios, Chi-square, Fisher's and Students T-test for the data. During this study, it has been found that 50% of the case population have the normal genotype for the PAI-1 (rs1799762) gene, 31.25% had a heterozygous genotype and 18.75% had a mutant homozygote. The frequency of the mutated allele in the patient population compared to the controls have p-values <0.001 and it is statistically significant for this allele (OR = 0.068, p-values <0.001, CI = 0.014-0.322). In contrast, no significant results were observed for the factor XIII (rs5985) gene and this variant was considered in this population as an ineffective polymorphism on recurrent miscarriage syndrome (p-values = 0.238). Finally, it is suggested that other variants of the given gene should be examined in Golestan.

Recurrent miscarriage is two or more consecutive pregnancy losses before weeks 20. Different factors involved in recurrent abortion as a multifactorial disease. Genetic factors are one of the important factors associated with recurrent abortion. The goal of this article is to assess the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of TGFB1 and JAK2 polymorphism and the recurrent miscarriage in Iranian women.

The study group was 30 women with recurrent miscarriages with unknown reason and the control groups consisted of 10 women with at least two successful pregnancies and no miscarriages. PCR was used to find the association between TGFB1 and JAK2 genes and recurrent miscarriages. Analysing performed with FinchTV software after data sequencing.

Our results provided evidence that TGFB1 polymorphisms influence the risk of recurrent abortion in the Iranian population however there is no correlation with JAK2 polymorphism and recurrent abortion.

This finding could help to prevent recurrent miscarriage in Iranian women.

Indian peninsular region comprises several Archean cratonic blocks (Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum, Aravalli – Bundelkhand), bordered by Proterozoic mobile belts. Therefore, this region is considered as tectonically stable and designated as the least vulnerable region to earthquake hazard except the still active Central Indian Tectonic Zone (CITZ). The latter is a major suture between southern and northern Indian blocks. Seismicity in India is common along its northern and northeastern (Himalayan) region defining the Indian Plate margin, in collision with the Eurasian (Tibetan) Plate. Being tectonically active, this region has a documented record of frequent earthquakes including some high magnitude and devastating ones. The northwestern Indian block is amongst the relatively stable Precambrian regions of India and categorized under Zone – II by the Indian Meteorology Department, one of the seismically least vulnerable regions. However, the region has been a site of recurring low to moderate magnitude earthquakes. Compilation of the earthquake data from the Rajasthan State in NW India documents at least 45 earthquakes in this region during the last one and a half decades. Several of these have remained unnoticed because of their low magnitude. The NE –SW trending Aravalli Mountain Region (AMR), running across the eastern half of Rajasthan State represents the most significant tectonomorphic feature of NW India. The AMR is an ensemble of Proterozoic age Aravalli and Delhi Supergroup rocks (metasediments, volcanics and intrusives) that overlie an Archean basement (Banded Gneissic Complex – BGC). These Proterozoic mobile belts have evolved through several episodes of deformation that have shaped its present day geomorphology. The western part of the State, the Marwar Block, is relatively younger in age and was accreted to the AMR during the 1 Ga subduction event. The western margin of AMR, also called as the Western Margin Fault, represents a major suture between the two terranes. However, the entire region was cratonized by end Proterozoic and has remained tectonically stable during the Phanerozoic Eon. The Archean basement and overlying Proterozoic cover rocks are infested with several major and minor faults and shear zones. The most prominent ones are the NE-SW trending major lineaments corresponding with the regional tectonic grain and several minor ones across. The earthquake epicenter distribution pattern shows a close spatial association with these lineaments. In the absence of any significant tectonic activity in the region and rise in pore pressure either due to magmatism or excessive rainfall, we attribute recurrence of earthquakes in the region to reactivation of such old sutures/weaker zones as a response to stress build-up along the northern margin of the Indian Plate resulting from ongoing northward convergence of the Indian Plate. Some of the faults in western part are traceable into the Cambay Basin active faults in the south that may have triggered seismic activity in western Rajasthan.

Previous studies in human leptin receptor protein (LEPR) signaling are important in the establishment of fetal growth. Idiopathic recurrent miscarriage (IRM) may be the result of abnormal placental and fetal development. Thus single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of LEPR might be associated with IRM. In our case-control study, which conducted from 2017 to 2018 at the Milad Sari Genetic Detection Center and Razi Hospital (Ghaemshahr, Iran), 140 samples, including 70 cases with history of three or more IRM as before the 22nd week of gestation, and 70 controls with at least two live births and no history of pathologic pregnancies during reproductive period were studied. Polymorphisms of maternal LEPR 853A>G and 511A>G were assessed by PCR-RFLP and SSCP, respectively. Results showed that 853A>G SNP, contained frequent genotype AG (p= 0.002; OR= 0.391; 95% CI= 0.154-0.664) and G allele (p= 0.003; OR= 0.125; 95% CI= 0.032–0.489), revealed a significant protective association with IRM. Primary screening of 511A>G showed that 63 case-samples were AG genotype. PCR directed sequence showed this SNP contained frequent genotype for AG (p= 0.001; OR= 0.57; 95% CI= 0.22-0.147) and G allele (p= 0.006; OR= 0.34; 95% CI= 0.008–0.149), revealed a significant protective association with IRM. Based on our findings, LEPR (853A>G and 511A>G) gene transitions not only might enhance IRM but also could be useful genetic markers in susceptibility and severity of recurrent miscarriage.

In this study, an image backlight compensation method using adaptive luminance modification is proposed for efficiently obtaining clear images.
The proposed method combines the fuzzy C-means clustering method, a recurrent functional neural fuzzy network (RFNFN), and a modified differential evolution.
The proposed RFNFN is based on the two backlight factors that can accurately detect the compensation degree. According to the backlight level, the compensation curve function of a backlight image can be adaptively adjusted. In our experiments, six backlight images are used to verify the performance of proposed method.
Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method performs well in backlight problems.

Let (M 2n, g) be a real hypersurface with recurrent shape operator and tangent to the structure vector field xi of the Sasakian space form widetildeM(c). We show that if the shape operator A of M is recurrent then it is parallel. Moreover, we show that M is locally a product of two constant phi− sectional curvature spaces.

Interest in the presence and nature of trend arises frequently in science، public health، technology، and many other areas. In this ar- ticle we discuss the notion of trend in the context of recurrent event processes. We discuss different frameworks within which one can inves- tigate trend and consider various ways in which trends may be manifest. Tests for trend are discussed in detail and the utility of intensity-based models is emphasized for characterizing event processes and understand- ing trends. Simulation studies are conducted to study the effect of het- erogeneity in the investigation of trend. Data from a study of hospi- talization patterns in patients with affective disorder are analysed for illustration.

A resource-efficient approach to making inferences about the distributional properties of the failure times in a competing risks setting is presented. Efficiency is gained by observing recurrences of the compet- ing risks over a random monitoring period. The resulting model is called the recurrent competing risks model (RCRM) and is coupled with two repair strategies whenever the system fails. Maximum likelihood estima- tors of the parameters of the marginal distribution functions associated with each of the competing risks and also of the system lifetime dis- tribution function are presented. Estimators are derived under perfect and partial repair strategies. Consistency and asymptotic properties of the estimators are obtained. The estimation methods are applied to a data set of failures for cars under warranty. Simulation studies are used to ascertain the small sample properties and the efficiency gains of the resulting estimators.

In the perspective of biomedical applications، consider a re- current event situation with a relatively low degree of recurrence. In this setting، the focus is placed on successive inter-event gap times which are observed in the presence of both a terminal event like death and inde- pendent censoring. The terminal event is potentially related to recurrent events while the censoring process is an independent nuisance that bears on the total observation time i. e. on the sum of the successive gap times. We review different modeling and inferential strategies. We also present a nonparametric estimation method of joint distribution functions and outline the need for future developments.

Given a pair (semispray $S$, metric $g$) on a tangent bundle, the family of nonlinear connections $N$ such that $g$ is recurrent with respect to $(S, N)$ with a fixed recurrent factor is determined by using the Obata tensors. In particular, we obtain a characterization for a pair $(N, g)$ to be recurrent as well as for the triple $(S, stackrel{c}{N}, g)$ where $stackrel{c}{N}$ is the canonical nonlinear connection of the semispray $S$. Also, the Weyl connection of conformal gauge theories is obtained as a particular case.

The probability of losing a customer in M/G/n/0 and GI/M/n/0 loss queuing systems with heterogeneous servers is minimized. The first system uses a queue discipline in which a customer who arrives when there are free servers chooses any one of them with equal probability, but is lost otherwise. Provided that the sum of the servers rates are fixed, loss probability in this system attains minimum value when all the service rates are equal. The second system uses queue discipline, in which a customer who enters into the system is assigned to the server with the lowest number. Loss probability in this system takes the minimum value in the case when the fastest server rule is used in which an incoming customer is served by the free server with the shortest mean service time. If the mean of the arrival distribution is fixed, then loss probability is minimized by deterministic arrival distribution.