جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "biodiesel" در نشریات گروه "شیمی"
تکرار جستجوی کلیدواژه «biodiesel» در نشریات گروه «علوم پایه»-
The quest for alternative energy sources, driven by the challenges of fossil fuels, has led to the development of biofuels. This study focuses on producing biodiesel from waste avocado oil through transesterification. Initially, oil was extracted from the peels and seed of avocado pear using an extraction technique. The extracted oil was then pre-treated with methanol and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) to reduce its free fatty acid content to less than 1.0 wt%. This study compares two expert systems, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), for modeling and optimizing biodiesel production from avocado oil. The performance of these optimization tools was evaluated using statistical indices. The results showed that ANFIS outperformed RSM with a low error value, the Standard Error of Prediction (SEP)=0.7653, the Mean Absolute Error (MAE)=0.1413, the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)=0.4103, the Average Absolute Deviation (AAD)=0.2955%, the Mean Squared Error (MSE)=0.1683, and a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.9976). Both models predicted high biodiesel yields (>85%), with ANFIS achieving a slightly higher yield (88.21%) compared to RSM (86.20%). The properties of the biodiesel produced under optimized conditions were compared with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6751 and European Norm (EN) 14214 standards and were found to be within acceptable limits, indicating the fuel’s suitability.Keywords: Biodiesel, RSM, ANFIS, Waste Oil, Fuel
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Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) holds promise as a renewable and sustainableenergy source. However, high levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) in WCO require efficient pre-treatment before transesterification. Utilizing solar energy for heterogeneous catalytic reactionsoffers an alternative to thermal-driven processes. TiO2EFBA, synthesized via the wet impregnationmethod, exhibits distinctive physicochemical properties confirming the successful incorporationof titanium dioxide (TiO2) onto the metal oxides of empty fruit bunches ash (EFBA), thereby en-hancing the catalyst’s performance and stability. Results showed that TiO2EFBA exhibits superiorFFA conversion compared to TiO2alone. Under optimized reaction conditions, employing 4 wt%TiO2EFBA catalyst, 20:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, and 2 h reaction time at room temperatureunder Ultra Violet (UV) light, achieves a remarkable 78% conversion rate of FFAs in WCO.Mechanistic investigation reveals the crucial role of electron/hole (e−/h+) species in reducingFFAs by suppressing the e−/h+mechanism. Notably, TiO2EFBA facilitates easy separation andcan be reused for 10 cycles, demonstrating its stability as a heterogeneous photocatalyst.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Empty Fruit Bunches Ash, Metal Oxide, Photo-Esterification, Photo-Catalyst, Waste Cooking Oil -
The density of the biodiesel, butanol, and diesel components, binary mixtures of biodiesel + butanol, biodiesel + diesel, and butanol + diesel components, and ternary mixture of biodiesel + butanol + the densities of diesel were experimentally determined at temperatures of (29315, 31315, 33315, 35315) *10-2K, under standard atmospheri pressure. Measurements with a step length of 0.1 have been performed in the interval from 0 to 1. Densities were measured with an Anton Paar DMA 4100 M densitometer. Observations indicated that, the amount of additional molar volume for binary systems of biodiesel + butanol was negative with increasing temperature, which indicated the physical interactions between butanol and biodiesel; while in ternary systems, different behavior had been observed at different temperatures. The Redlich-Kister (R-K) formula was utilized to approximate the excess molar volumes of binary systems, with coefficients being determined vi a polynomial theory. Ultimately, standard deviations and correlation coefficients were computed to validate the subsequent experimental data based on the R.K model The excess molar volume in the 0.6 molar fractions of biodiesel, 0.2 diesel, 0.2 butanol in the biodiesel+diesel+butanol ternary system reached to highest negative value of -1.094 cm3/mol with increasing temperature.Keywords: Density, Binary Mixtures, Ternary Mixtures, Excess Molar Volumes, Redlich-Kister Equation, Biodiesel
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The global appeal of biofuels is increasing due to rising energy demands and the depletion of fossil fuel resources. Biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to petroleum diesel, offering a cleaner energy solution. This study addresses key challenges associated with biodiesel, such as reduced calorific value, high nitrous oxide emissions, and production costs, as well as the environmental impact of petroleum diesel, including global warming.This research focuses on the development of a novel biobased catalyst derived from palm kernel shell and eggshell. The carbon-based biomass, primarily waste palm kernel shell, was pyrolyzed to produce the catalyst. Characterization of the catalyst was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The catalyst was synthesized via the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) technique, resulting in a bifunctional catalyst suitable for the transesterification process.The catalyst demonstrated high efficiency in the transesterification process for biodiesel production. Optimal conditions yielded an 88.14% biodiesel conversion at an oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:14, catalyst loading of 5 wt.%, reaction temperature of 70°C, and reaction time of 99.244 minutes. The synthesized biodiesel met the ASTM D6751 standards as specified by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).Keywords: Biodiesel, Eggshell, Palm Kernel Shell, Biomass, Characterization
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This study extensively analyzed the use of used cooking oil as biodiesel and liquid insulation in the electrical and energy sectors. Biodiesel offers a sustainable alternative to traditional diesel, while liquid insulation ensures the efficient operation of electrical equipment. The research covered biodiesel's properties, engine performance, and handling, along with liquid insulation's effectiveness. Findings revealed favorable fuel characteristics of biodiesel from used cooking oil, compatible with most engines and emitting fewer pollutants. Liquid insulation showcased exceptional insulating properties suitable for various electrical applications. Biodiesel's advantages include moderate density, lower viscosity, higher flash point, and low acid value, making it an eco-friendly transportation alternative. Cold flow properties support its use in colder climates, with a cloud point of -4°C and a pour point of -9°C. Its high cetane number and calorific value and good oxidative stability index highlight its energy efficiency, contributing to cleaner emissions. Engine tests revealed higher torque, power output, and lower fuel consumption (5.8 L/100 km) compared to conventional diesel, suggesting improved fuel economy. Biodiesel showed lower CO2, CO, NOx, PM, HC, and SO2 emissions, supporting environmental friendliness. Proper handling practices and liquid insulation's dielectric properties, such as a breakdown voltage of 40 kV, dielectric constant of 2.4, high resistivity of 2.5 x 1011 Ωm, and low thermal conductivity (0.19 W/m-K), were emphasized. This research enhances understanding of renewable resource attributes and their potential for long-term energy solutions. Biodiesel production from used cooking oil and its use as liquid insulation promise to reduce environmental impacts and promote eco-friendly practices in the energy and electrical sectors. Adoption of these technologies can significantly contribute to a greener, more sustainable future.Keywords: Used Cooking Oil, Biodiesel, Liquid Insulation, Fuel Properties, Engine Performance, Dielectric Properties, Insulation Performance, Sustainability, Electrical Equipment
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Biodiesel production faces challenges due to high raw material costs, a significant obstacle to its development as an alternative to traditional diesel. This study investigates biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using inexpensive catalysts like CaO on discarded glass and potassium hydroxide on discarded glass. Experiments showed over 90% and 97% purity, respectively, using catalysts like CaO/DG and KOH/DG in a glass reactor, with the highest purity achieved with 20 wt.% and 25 wt.% loading of these catalysts on discarded glass. The high cost of raw materials hinders biodiesel production, but the use of these catalysts offers a viable alternative to diesel fuels.Keywords: Biodiesel, Discarded Glass, Heterogeneous Base Catalysts, Waste Cooking Oil, Waste Materials
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The study investigated the efficiency of biodiesel conversion from jatropha oil-based free fatty acid using an acid-based catalyzed transesterification bioprocess. The maximum Jatropha biodiesel yield was 80% in a 1-hour reaction using a 0.03:1 acid catalyst to oil and a 2:1 alcohol-to-oil ratio. At the same time, the optimum biodiesel yield was in a 2-hour reaction for step 2 by using a 0.03:1 ratio of base catalyst to oil and a 5:1 ratio of alcohol to oil. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer analysis of Jatropha Biodiesel (JB) revealed a methyl peak (O-CH3) at 1436.07 cm-1, indicating compatibility with pure mineral diesel, high speed (1295.67rpm), brake horsepower(30.6906KW), mechanical efficiency (53.10%), and lower specific fuel consumption (15.5879 mL/KW. compared with other Jatropha biodiesel blends.Keywords: Free Fatty Acid (Ffas), Biodiesel, Transesterification, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer, Diesel Engine
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MgO/γ-alumina and CaO/γ-alumina heterogeneous base catalysts have been prepared by wet impregnation, using 10 wt.% of metal oxide precursors, and used in the transesterification reaction of castor oil (Riccinus communis) into biodiesel. Catalyst characterization includes X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourie Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Surface Area Analyzer (SAA), average pore radius (BJH), and basicity. The catalyst performance was observed from the activity and selectivity of the catalyst in converting castor oil into methyl ester with batch system at 60°C for 2 hours. The castor oil biodiesel was analyzed using GC-MS to determine the selectivity of the catalyst towards methyl ricinoleate. The results showed that the addition of MgO and CaO to γ-alumina increased the basicity and average pore radius but decreased the specific surface area of γ-alumina. The FAME yields of γ-alumina, MgO/γ-alumina, CaO/γ-alumina, MgO, CaO, and KOH catalysts with 3 wt.% ratio were 81.15%, 82.17%, 82.45%, 82.02%, 82.16%, and 84.57%. The selectivity to methyl ricinoleate was the highest for CaO/γ-alumina catalyst which was 87.57% area GC. The yield of FAME at various weight ratios of CaO/γ-alumina (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt.%) were 81.81%, 82.13%, 82.45%, 83.57%, and 83.96% and the selectivity to methyl ricinoleate was the largest at 4 wt.% CaO/γ-alumina catalyst which was 90.20% GC area. Castor oil biodiesel was analyzed according to the American Standard of Testing Materials (ASTM) method for biodiesel eligibility. ASTM test results for castor oil biodiesel showed a kinematic viscosity (40°C) of 15.76 mm2/s which is above the biodiesel standard because the kinematic viscosity of castor oil was also high. The flash point of 222.5°C, pour point <27°C, and cloud point of 15°C have fulfilled the requirements of the biodiesel standard.Keywords: Heterogeneous Catalyst, Mgo, Γ-Alumina, Cao, Γ-Alumina, Castor Oil (Ricinus Communis), Transesterification, Biodiesel
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Microalgae have garnered significant attention as a promising source for biodiesel production due to their rapid growth, high lipid content, and minimal resource requirements. This study delves into the forefront of microalgal biofuel research by investigating emerging co-cultivation strategies aimed at optimizing biomass production for biodiesel synthesis. Through a nuanced exploration of diverse microalgal strains, this work pioneers innovative co-cultivation techniques designed to enhance synergies between different species, thus maximizing overall productivity. Microalgae are excellent options for the production of biodiesel since they have high lipid content and grow quickly. Nonetheless, difficulties in maximizing lipid and biomass production have led the technological advancement microalgal productivity using photobioreactors, closed systems and monitoring and genetic Engineering The article delves into the impact of Co-cultivation on microalgal growth such as improved Biomass production, enhanced lipid content and quality and nutrient utilization and recycling.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Microalgal, Co-Cultivation, Biomass, Microorganisms -
Decreasing reserves of fossil fuels and environmental concerns like greenhouse gases havebrought increasing studies into renewable and low-carbon sources of energy. Biodiesel is arenewable and sustainable replacement for crude oil that has become increasingly importantas the world’s supply of petroleum decreases, and it is vitally important to conduct research onnew feedstocks with high effi ciency, competitive pricing, and ease of manufacture. Herein wereported nine diff erent biodiesels that were produced from the nine common vegetable oils ofcoconut oil, sesame oil, poppy oil, castor oil, bitter almond oil, olive oil, black seed oil, peanutoil, and pecan oil. The yields of the produced biodiesels are in the range of 50 to 98%, and thedensity and fl ashpoints of the produced biodiesels were in the ranges of 0.85 to 0.99 (g/cm 3 )and 150 to 222°C. Moreover, compositions of the produced biodiesels were analyzed by GCand the concentrations of the main fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were reported andcompared. Lauric acid methyl ester, oleic acid methyl ester, linoleic acid methyl ester, ricinoleicacid methyl ester, and stearic acid methyl ester are the main components of the producedbiodiesels.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Vegetable Oil, Transesterifi Cation, Yield Of Reaction -
Diesel fuel can be substituted with biodiesel fuel. Burning biodiesel results in less pollution because its source is vegetable or animal fat. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was utilized in this study as a raw source to produce biodiesel. In the WCO under study, the percentage of free fatty acids (FFAs) was 4.09%. The process of turning used cooking oil waste into biodiesel involved two steps. The initial phase was studying the photocatalytic esterification of methanol with FFAs in WCO under visible irradiation using Cr (x%)-TiO2. Triglycerides and methanol were transesterified in the second stage, which was catalyzed by NaOH. When TiO2 was present, efficiency was shown to increase by 10% when compared to the absence of a photocatalyst. Cr-TiO2 photo-esterification reaction has an equivalent order of one. The realisation of the reaction under mild conditions was confirmed by the activation energy of 31.36 kJ/mol needed for the Cr-TiO2 photocatalyst to photo-esterify WCO. Our hypothesis for the esterification process took into account the formation of H+, CH3OO·, and R-COOH on the photocatalyst surface. OH- was thought to be the active species in the transesterification reaction process. The density of the produced biodiesel was 0.89 g.cm-3, per the data that were obtained. For biodiesel, the results yield a falling point of -5 and a cloud point of 0, respectively. The biodiesel made from waste oil had a viscosity of 4.1 mm2.s−1, which was within the standard range. The biodiesel sample made from waste oil has an acid value of 0.38 mg KOHKeywords: Biodiesel, Two dimensional, photocatalyst, Waste oil, Kinetics, Esterification
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Thermodynamic modeling of vapor-liquid equilibrium systems including biodiesel in high and low pressures using cubic equations of state
In the work, vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of pure and binary mixtures of the systems including fatty acid Ethyl or Methyl esters and alcohols is analyzed by two simple cubic equations of state; Cubic-Square-Well (CSW EoS) and the Peng-Robinson (PR EoS). To achieve this purpose, first, the parameters of equations of state for pure systems are optimized using experimental vapor pressure and liquid density. Two models show accepted accuracy, however, the PR EoS with AARD=1.01% demonstrations better results for pure systems. Then the results of the pure systems are used to correlate the phase behavior of the binary mixtures in low and high pressure using one binary interaction parameter in equilibrium systems. The results for binary fatty acid ester systems show deviations as AARD=0.45% and AARD=0.23% for PR and CSW EoSs, respectively. For alcohol+fatty acid ester binary systems the pressure deviations are AARD=5.04% and AARD=14.14% for PR and CSW EoSs, respectively. Therefore, the results show that the CSW and PR equations of state can be applied to calculate the phase behavior of these types of systems with good accuracy and simplicity, therefore, can be used in designing, modeling, and optimization of the biodiesel units.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Vapor-liquid Equilibrium, Cubic-Square-Well (CSW), Peng–Robinson (PR), Equation of state -
Recently, the synthesis of biolubricants has been the focus of researchers because of their good lubricating properties and environmentally friendly products. This study was performed to optimize reaction parameters for the enzymatic transesterification reaction between waste edible oil methyl ester (biodiesel, FAME) and trimethylolpropane (TMP) by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The parameters that affect the enzymatic transesterification reaction were chosen as temperature (35–55°C), amount of catalyst (0–10 %wt. of mixture), TMP-to-FAME molar ratio (0.17-0.33), and reaction time (0–96 h), to produce TMP triester (biolubricant). Response surface methodology (RSM) and three-level–four-factor Central Composite Design (CCD) were employed to evaluate the effects of these synthesis parameters on the percentage conversion of FAME by transesterification. Enzyme amount and reaction time were the most important variables. The optimum reaction conditions were determined to be the temperature at 50°C; the amount of catalyst, 5%wt; molar ratio, 0.25 and 48 h of reaction time, under these conditions 91% TMP ester's yield was obtained. The interaction parameter of the lipase quantity with the FAME to TMP molar ratio was found to be the most important among all of the other parameters.Keywords: Biodiesel, biolubricant, Lipase, Response surface methodology, trimethylolpropane ester
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یکی از مهمترین مسایلی که امروزه کلیه کشورهای جهان با آن سروکار دارند، مسیله تامین انرژی است. امروزه تامین انرژی از اساسی-ترین پیش نیازهای توسعه اجتماعی و رشد اقتصادی بسیاری از جوامع به ویژه کشورهای در حال توسعه می باشد و دسترسی به منابع انرژی پایدار اقتصادی و سازگار با محیط زیست در شرایط امروزی ضروری به نظر می رسد. کاهش ذخایر منابع فسیلی و افزایش قیمت نفت و فرآورده های آن و همچنین لزوم توجه به کاهش آلودگی های زیست محیطی ناشی از سوخت های فسیلی، کشورهای جهان را ترغیب به استفاده از انرژی های تجدید شونده و پاک نموده است. از جمله منابع تجدیدشونده که امروزه مورد توجه بسیاری از کشورهای اروپایی وآمریکایی قرار گرفته است، سوخت های زیستی می باشند. جایگزینی سوخت های فسیلی با سوخت های زیستی این پتانسیل را دارد که برخی از اثرات نامطلوب زیست محیطی تولید و استفاده از سوخت های فسیلی، از جمله انتشار آلاینده های متعارف و گازهای گلخانه ای، کاهش منابع پایان پذیر، و وابستگی به تامین کنندگان خارجی ناپایدار را کاهش دهد. فراتر از مزایای زیست محیطی، استفاده از سوخت های زیستی مناسب می تواند مزایای اقتصادی از قبیل کاهش ذخایر مازاد کشاورزی، کاهش بیکاری و وابستگی به نفت وارداتی، توسعه روستایی، کشاورزی پایدار و غیره را بهمراه داشته باشد. در پژوهش حاضر بعد از معرفی و بیان ویژگی های دو سوخت زیستی رایج بیودیزل و بیواتانول، مزایا و معایب کلی استفاده از سوخت های زیستی به ملاحظات اقتصادی- اجتماعی و زیست محیطی استفاده از سوخت های زیستی پرداخته شده است.
کلید واژگان: سوخت های زیستی, بازیابی انرژی, زیست توده, بیودیزل, جنبه های اقتصادی-اجتماعیA Quarterly Publication The Application of Chemistry in Environment, Volume:14 Issue: 54, 2023, PP 1 -13One of the most important issues that all the countries of the world are dealing with today is the issue of energy supply. Energy supply is one of the most basic prerequisites for social development and economic growth of many societies, especially developing countries, and access to economically sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources seems necessary in today''''s conditions. The decrease in fossil resource reserves and the increase in the price of oil and its products, as well as the need to pay attention to the reduction of environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels, have encouraged the countries of the world to use renewable and clean energies. Biofuels are one of the renewable resources that have attracted the attention of many European and American countries. Substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels has the potential to reduce some of the adverse environmental impacts of fossil fuel production and use, including emissions of conventional pollutants and greenhouse gases, depletion of finite resources, and dependence on unstable external suppliers. In addition to environmental benefits, the use of suitable biofuels can bring economic benefits such as reducing agricultural surplus reserves, reducing unemployment and dependence on imported oil, rural development, sustainable agriculture, etc. In the current study, after introducing and expressing the characteristics of two common biofuels, biodiesel and bioethanol, the general advantages and disadvantages of using biofuels, the economic, social and environmental considerations of using biofuels have been discussed.
Keywords: Biofuels, Energy recovery, Biomass, Biodiesel, Socio-economic aspects -
Synthesis and gas chromatography based characterisation of biodiesel prepared from waste soybean oilPetroleum resources are limited on a global scale. Due to non-renewability, these fossil-fuels are projected to be depleted in next 40-60 years if consumption continues at the current pace. Moreover, the price instability of crude oil poses a significant threat to nations with constrained financial and economic resources. To address these challenges, alternative energy sources are being explored, and there is ongoing emphasis on further progress in these areas. As an alternative fuel, biodiesel can be used in neat form or mixed with petroleum-based diesel. Therefore, we need to move towards alternative fuel like bio-diesel. Several alternative fuels have been studies among which biodiesel from waste soybean oil having great importance. Bio-diesel could be easily prepared from waste soybean oil, by the process of transesterification with alcohol in presence of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. India is the fourth largest producer of soybean in the world, and from last few decades, soybean oil is exclusively use as edible oil. In different food industries, several million tonnes of soybean oil uses every year. Therefore, huge amount of waste soybean oil is produced every year. In the present work, we attempt to synthesize biodiesel using waste soybean oil via transesterification, and characterize by physical, chemical, and spectroscopic instruments, and found the characteristics properties of this biodiesel is quite similar to petroleum diesel . Therefore, this synthesis may use biodiesel as an alternative for petroleum diesel.Keywords: Waste soybean cooking oil, Transesterification, Biodiesel, alternate fuel
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Methyl ester is the name given to monoalkyl esters of vegetable and animal oils. Since methyl ester has fuel properties that are comparable to those of diesel fuel, it is becoming more popular as a substitute fuel for use in diesel engines. The amount of free fatty acids (FFA) in the oil determines how methyl ester is produced. In this study, the titration method was used to calculate the FFA values of the crude cottonseed oil (CCSO) and one-time Used Cottonseed Oil (UCSO), with values 0.56 % and 1.26 %, respectively. The UCSO is transformed into methyl ester by employing a heterogeneous alkali catalyzed transesterification reaction. It involves the addition of methanol to bleach and degummed UCSO in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts CaO-blend derived from calcinated eggshells and coconut shell blend. Reaction variables including the methanol-to-oil ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time and catalyst concentration control the transesterification process. The Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the aforementioned parameters using the response surface methodology (RSM). Numerous factors that affect the generation of biodiesel have been plotted using the response surface plot and contour plot. An optimized UCSO methyl ester yield of 92.00 % was obtained at a 1:10.80 molar ratio, 2.5 wt. % catalyst concentration, 80 minute reaction time, and 60 °C reaction temperature. The experimental yield was 92.10 %, as determined by the optimized yield based on these parameters. This shows that the response surface methodology is a successful strategy for increasing the yield. The regression model proved successful, as observed by the error values between the predicted and actual outcomes being less than 1 % UCSOME conversion. For this study, adequate precision was 8.9518. As a result, the model can be utilized to explore the design space. Each succeeding cycle of reuse produced 91.60 %, 85.50 %, 81.60 %, 78.60 %, 74.20 %, and 72.87 % of the biodiesel. The measurements for viscosity, density, and flash point of UCSO were 33-36 mm2/s at 311 K, 911-916 kg/m3 at 288 K, and 504-510 K, respectively. UCSO methyl ester (UCSOME) had a viscosity between 3.6 and 3.7 mm2/s and a density between 875 and 880 at 311 K. While the flash points of the UCSOME are measured at 435–440 K as opposed to 504-510 K. The saponification value of cottonseed oil was 188.32 mg/g while that of biodiesel was 165.87 mg/g. Thus, biodiesel fatty acid methyl ester possesses a distinctive FTIR absorption of carbonyl (C=0) stretching vibrations near 1740-1744 cm-1 and C-O bending vibrations in the range of 1196 cm-1.Keywords: Monoalkyl ester, Transesterification, Vegetable Oil, Biodiesel, Free fatty acids
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سوخت های زیستی مایع به دلیل در دسترس بودن، ارزش حرارتی بالا، ایمنی در استفاده، سازگاری با زیر ساخت های فناوری و حتی مسایل سیاسی توسط مصرف کنندگان انتخاب شده اند. با توجه به چالش های عملیاتی که تولید سوخت های زیستی با آن روبروست، انرژی های سبز سهم محدودی از تامین انرژی اولیه در سراسر جهان را دارند. امروزه رویکردهای نو ظهور مانند فناوری نانو، برای افزایش کارایی تولید و استفاده از انرژی زیستی مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند. قابلیت های ویژه نانوذرات و مکمل های افزودنی های نانو در بیودیزل در مطالعه حاضر معرفی شده است. استفاده از این نانو افزودنی ها می تواند به توان خروجی بیشتر، مصرف سوخت و انتشار آلاینده کمتر، راندمان حرارتی بالاتر، کاهش هزینه ها، افزایش قابلیت اطمینان و دوام موتورهای دیزلی منجر شود. ویژگی های فیزیکوشیمیایی ضعیف بیودیزل در دمای پایین، مصرف سوخت بیشتر و محتوای انرژی پایین تر می توانند با استفاده از فناوری نانو اصلاح شوند. تاکنون عمده کارهای عملی به منظور اصلاح نواقص بیودیزل، بر روش های اصلاح سوخت از طریق نسبت های اختلاط و غربالگری و مهندسی مواد اولیه تمرکز داشته اند؛ با این حال استفاده از افزودنی های نانو به بیودیزل می تواند باعث بهبود معنی داری در خواص ترموفیزیکی و شیمیایی شود.
کلید واژگان: نانوذرات, ویژگی های سوخت, عملکرد موتور, افزودنی, بیودیزلDonyaye Nano, Volume:19 Issue: 70, 2023, PP 60 -84Liquid biofuels have been selected by users due to their availability, higher calorific value, safety for usage, easy adaptability with fewer technological changes and even political issues. Considering the operational challenges faced by biofuel production, green energies have a limited share of the global primary energy supply. Newly-emerged nanoprocessing approaches are exploited to enhance bioenergy production efficiency. The potential of nano-particles and nano-additives supplementation in biodiesel has been introduced during the present study. Implementation of nano-additives could lead to more power output, less fuel consumption as well as fewer emissions, higher thermal efficiency, decreased cost of operation and enhanced reliability and durability for diesel engines. Poor physicochemical properties of biodiesel at low temperatures, higher fuel consumption and lower energy content could be disappeared using nanotechnology. Most of the practical works to mask the shortcomings of biodiesel have focused on fuel modification methods through further blending and feedstock screening and engineering of the oily feedstock; The application of fuel nano-additives brings meaningful improvement in the thermophysical and chemical properties of the biodiesel.
Keywords: Nanoparticles, Fuel characteristics, Engine performance, Additive, Biodiesel -
در این مطالعه، سنتز نمونه های چارچوب آلی-فلزی بر پایه آهن (III(، MIL-53(Fe)، همراه با فرآیند محصورسازی اسید فسفومولیبدیک با تابش فراصوت در دمای محیط و فشار اتمسفر انجام می شود. آنالیز و تحلیل دقیق نتایج نشان داد که ساختار کگینی هتروپلی اسید H3PMo برهمکنش های الکتروستاتیک قوی با شبکه آهن (III) ایجادکرده، که نقش مهمی را در کاهش لیچینگ (شسته شدن) از ترکیب ایفا می نمایند. ساختار نانوکامپوزیت تهیه شده ی جدید، با استفاده از تکنیک های پراش پرتوی ایکس، طیف سنج مادون قرمز تبدیل فوریه، آنالیز حرارتی همزمان، طیف سنج نشر اتمی پلاسمای جفت شده القایی، طیف سنجی پراش انرژی پرتو ایکس و میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی شناسایی شد. فعالیت کاتالیزوری نانوکامپوزیتهای تهیه شده ، فسفومولیبدیک اسیدکپسوله شده در چارچوب آلی-فلزی بر پایه آهن (III(، PMA@MIL-53(Fe)، از طریق واکنش استری شدن اسید اولییک با اتانول تحت تابش فراصوت مورد آزمایش قرارگرفت. فرآیند تولید بیودیزل با استفاده از مقادیر مشخصی از نسبت مولی اسید اولییک و اتانول، نانوکامپوزیت PMA@MIL-53 (Fe) به عنوان کاتالیزور (50-200 میلی گرم) که حاوی مقادیر مختلف اسید فسفومولیبدیک، PMA (0-40%) است، با میزان مشخصی از انرژی مصرفی برحسب وات، در زمان های مختلف (5-25 دقیقه) در دمای محیط، تحت شرایط اولتراسوند بهینه سازی شد. نتایج به دست آمده حاکی از آن است که نمونه های کامپوزیت سنتزشده فعالیت کاتالیزوری عالی را نشان می دهند. و همچنین کارایی کاتالیزورهای ناهمگن همراه با تابش فراصوت برای تولید بیودیزل بطور چشمگیری افزایش می یابد. نتایج نشان داد که افزایش همه پارامترها موجب افزایش بازدهی فرایند تا مقادیر 98 درصد می شوند.
کلید واژگان: کاتالیزورناهمگن, اسید فسفومولیبدیک, چارچوب آلی-فلزی, PMA@MIL-53(Fe), واکنش استری شدن, بیودیزلThe synthesis of MIL-53(Fe) samples and encapsulation process of phosphomolybdic acid implemented using ultrasound at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. Characterization of newly synthesized nanocomposite was carried out using various techniques such as XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDS, BET and ICP. The catalytic activity of the prepared nanocomposites, PMA@MIL-53(Fe), was tested through the esterification reaction of oleic acid with ethanol under ultrasonic irradiation. Biodiesel production process using certain molar ratio of oleic acid/ethanol, PMA@MIL-53(Fe) as catalyst (10-200 mg) containing different amounts of PMA (0-40%), at different reaction times (5-20 minutes), total energy consumption (in watts, W) and ambient temperature under ultrasound conditions. The operating conditions of each of parameters were varied to study their effects on product yield. The results indicated that the synthesized composites show excellent catalytic activity. by encapsulating heteropoly acids in the MOF network, the challenges of using heteropoly acids, such as low contact surface and high solubility, are largely eliminated. The use of heteropoly acids in the industrial scales shows promise, provided the mentioned problems can be overcome
Keywords: Phosphomolybdic acid, Biodiesel, Metal-organic framework, PMA@MIL-53(Fe), Heteropoly acid, Heterogeneous catalyst -
The world''s rising industrialization and motorization are to blame for the rise in demand for petroleum products. As a result, alternative fuels that can be made with locally available materials must be sought. Biodiesel is a liquid fuel similar to diesel that is created from biological sources that are renewable. Methyl esterification is a process that may turn any type of vegetable oil or animal fat into biodiesel, which is subsequently suitable for use in diesel engines. Our present investigations, aims to examine the difficulties in producing biodiesel from neem oil and to look into the characteristics of the fuel, which is fully made of mono alkyl esters produced by the transesterification process. For this experimental operation, a single cylinder, four-stroke, kirlosker diesel engine with a 1500 rpm, 3.72 kw brake power, 110 mm stroke length, 80 mm bore, and 17.5 compression ratio was used.At 1kg, 2.5kg, and 4kg loads and 2B, 3.5B, 5B, and 6B blends, the brake power efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and emission characteristics were computed and examined. Biodiesel outshines diesel oil, according to the data.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Vegetable oil, Esterification, Neem oil, FAME, NOME -
In the present study the production of biodiesel was performed by using raw material like soybean oil by trans-esterification process. According to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the international specification free glycerol in biodiesel should not be more than 0.02 mass %. To achieve the biodiesel with the ASTM specification, biodiesel was separated using prepared PAN ultrafiltration membranes. The polyacronitrile ultra filtration membranes were prepared on supporting material of woven fabric by phase inversion technique of membrane casting. The prepared membranes were characterized in terms of its molecular weight cut off and flux of the membranes. Different molecular weights of the BSA solutions were used to determine the molecular weight cut off of the membranes. Then the obtained 6KDa and 15KDa Ultra filtration PAN membranes were used to separate the glycerol from (FAME) free acid methyl ester. It was observed that the both membranes were separated glycerol from the biodiesel below 0.02 mass % which meets the requirements of the ASTM specification of glycerol. The permeate side of the 6KDa membrane was estimated to be 0.017 mass % of glycerol, whereas, 15 KDa membrane was 0.02 mass % . The glycerol percentage in retained side membranes were increased with time.Keywords: Biodiesel, Transesterification, Polyacronitrile Ultra filtration, Glycerol
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