جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « biodiesel » در نشریات گروه « شیمی »

MgO/γ-alumina and CaO/γ-alumina heterogeneous base catalysts have been prepared by wet impregnation, using 10 wt.% of metal oxide precursors, and used in the transesterification reaction of castor oil (Riccinus communis) into biodiesel. Catalyst characterization includes X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourie Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Surface Area Analyzer (SAA), average pore radius (BJH), and basicity. The catalyst performance was observed from the activity and selectivity of the catalyst in converting castor oil into methyl ester with batch system at 60°C for 2 hours. The castor oil biodiesel was analyzed using GC-MS to determine the selectivity of the catalyst towards methyl ricinoleate. The results showed that the addition of MgO and CaO to γ-alumina increased the basicity and average pore radius but decreased the specific surface area of γ-alumina. The FAME yields of γ-alumina, MgO/γ-alumina, CaO/γ-alumina, MgO, CaO, and KOH catalysts with 3 wt.% ratio were 81.15%, 82.17%, 82.45%, 82.02%, 82.16%, and 84.57%. The selectivity to methyl ricinoleate was the highest for CaO/γ-alumina catalyst which was 87.57% area GC. The yield of FAME at various weight ratios of CaO/γ-alumina (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt.%) were 81.81%, 82.13%, 82.45%, 83.57%, and 83.96% and the selectivity to methyl ricinoleate was the largest at 4 wt.% CaO/γ-alumina catalyst which was 90.20% GC area. Castor oil biodiesel was analyzed according to the American Standard of Testing Materials (ASTM) method for biodiesel eligibility. ASTM test results for castor oil biodiesel showed a kinematic viscosity (40°C) of 15.76 mm2/s which is above the biodiesel standard because the kinematic viscosity of castor oil was also high. The flash point of 222.5°C, pour point <27°C, and cloud point of 15°C have fulfilled the requirements of the biodiesel standard.

Microalgae have garnered significant attention as a promising source for biodiesel production due to their rapid growth, high lipid content, and minimal resource requirements. This study delves into the forefront of microalgal biofuel research by investigating emerging co-cultivation strategies aimed at optimizing biomass production for biodiesel synthesis. Through a nuanced exploration of diverse microalgal strains, this work pioneers innovative co-cultivation techniques designed to enhance synergies between different species, thus maximizing overall productivity. Microalgae are excellent options for the production of biodiesel since they have high lipid content and grow quickly. Nonetheless, difficulties in maximizing lipid and biomass production have led the technological advancement microalgal productivity using photobioreactors, closed systems and monitoring and genetic Engineering The article delves into the impact of Co-cultivation on microalgal growth such as improved Biomass production, enhanced lipid content and quality and nutrient utilization and recycling.

In the work, vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of pure and binary mixtures of the systems including fatty acid Ethyl or Methyl esters and alcohols is analyzed by two simple cubic equations of state; Cubic-Square-Well (CSW EoS) and the Peng-Robinson (PR EoS). To achieve this purpose, first, the parameters of equations of state for pure systems are optimized using experimental vapor pressure and liquid density. Two models show accepted accuracy, however, the PR EoS with AARD=1.01% demonstrations better results for pure systems. Then the results of the pure systems are used to correlate the phase behavior of the binary mixtures in low and high pressure using one binary interaction parameter in equilibrium systems. The results for binary fatty acid ester systems show deviations as AARD=0.45% and AARD=0.23% for PR and CSW EoSs, respectively. For alcohol+fatty acid ester binary systems the pressure deviations are AARD=5.04% and AARD=14.14% for PR and CSW EoSs, respectively. Therefore, the results show that the CSW and PR equations of state can be applied to calculate the phase behavior of these types of systems with good accuracy and simplicity, therefore, can be used in designing, modeling, and optimization of the biodiesel units.

Diesel fuel can be substituted with biodiesel fuel. Burning biodiesel results in less pollution because its source is vegetable or animal fat. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was utilized in this study as a raw source to produce biodiesel. In the WCO under study, the percentage of free fatty acids (FFAs) was 4.09%. The process of turning used cooking oil waste into biodiesel involved two steps. The initial phase was studying the photocatalytic esterification of methanol with FFAs in WCO under visible irradiation using Cr (x%)-TiO2. Triglycerides and methanol were transesterified in the second stage, which was catalyzed by NaOH. When TiO2 was present, efficiency was shown to increase by 10% when compared to the absence of a photocatalyst. Cr-TiO2 photo-esterification reaction has an equivalent order of one. The realisation of the reaction under mild conditions was confirmed by the activation energy of 31.36 kJ/mol needed for the Cr-TiO2 photocatalyst to photo-esterify WCO. Our hypothesis for the esterification process took into account the formation of H+, CH3OO·, and R-COOH on the photocatalyst surface. OH- was thought to be the active species in the transesterification reaction process. The density of the produced biodiesel was 0.89 g.cm-3, per the data that were obtained. For biodiesel, the results yield a falling point of -5 and a cloud point of 0, respectively. The biodiesel made from waste oil had a viscosity of 4.1 mm2.s−1, which was within the standard range. The biodiesel sample made from waste oil has an acid value of 0.38 mg KOH

Recently, the synthesis of biolubricants has been the focus of researchers because of their good lubricating properties and environmentally friendly products. This study was performed to optimize reaction parameters for the enzymatic transesterification reaction between waste edible oil methyl ester (biodiesel, FAME) and trimethylolpropane (TMP) by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The parameters that affect the enzymatic transesterification reaction were chosen as temperature (35–55°C), amount of catalyst (0–10 %wt. of mixture), TMP-to-FAME molar ratio (0.17-0.33), and reaction time (0–96 h), to produce TMP triester (biolubricant). Response surface methodology (RSM) and three-level–four-factor Central Composite Design (CCD) were employed to evaluate the effects of these synthesis parameters on the percentage conversion of FAME by transesterification. Enzyme amount and reaction time were the most important variables. The optimum reaction conditions were determined to be the temperature at 50°C; the amount of catalyst, 5%wt; molar ratio, 0.25 and 48 h of reaction time, under these conditions 91% TMP ester's yield was obtained. The interaction parameter of the lipase quantity with the FAME to TMP molar ratio was found to be the most important among all of the other parameters.

Petroleum resources are limited on a global scale. Due to non-renewability, these fossil-fuels are projected to be depleted in next 40-60 years if consumption continues at the current pace. Moreover, the price instability of crude oil poses a significant threat to nations with constrained financial and economic resources. To address these challenges, alternative energy sources are being explored, and there is ongoing emphasis on further progress in these areas. As an alternative fuel, biodiesel can be used in neat form or mixed with petroleum-based diesel. Therefore, we need to move towards alternative fuel like bio-diesel. Several alternative fuels have been studies among which biodiesel from waste soybean oil having great importance. Bio-diesel could be easily prepared from waste soybean oil, by the process of transesterification with alcohol in presence of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. India is the fourth largest producer of soybean in the world, and from last few decades, soybean oil is exclusively use as edible oil. In different food industries, several million tonnes of soybean oil uses every year. Therefore, huge amount of waste soybean oil is produced every year. In the present work, we attempt to synthesize biodiesel using waste soybean oil via transesterification, and characterize by physical, chemical, and spectroscopic instruments, and found the characteristics properties of this biodiesel is quite similar to petroleum diesel . Therefore, this synthesis may use biodiesel as an alternative for petroleum diesel.

Methyl ester is the name given to monoalkyl esters of vegetable and animal oils. Since methyl ester has fuel properties that are comparable to those of diesel fuel, it is becoming more popular as a substitute fuel for use in diesel engines. The amount of free fatty acids (FFA) in the oil determines how methyl ester is produced. In this study, the titration method was used to calculate the FFA values of the crude cottonseed oil (CCSO) and one-time Used Cottonseed Oil (UCSO), with values 0.56 % and 1.26 %, respectively. The UCSO is transformed into methyl ester by employing a heterogeneous alkali catalyzed transesterification reaction. It involves the addition of methanol to bleach and degummed UCSO in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts CaO-blend derived from calcinated eggshells and coconut shell blend. Reaction variables including the methanol-to-oil ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time and catalyst concentration control the transesterification process. The Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the aforementioned parameters using the response surface methodology (RSM). Numerous factors that affect the generation of biodiesel have been plotted using the response surface plot and contour plot. An optimized UCSO methyl ester yield of 92.00 % was obtained at a 1:10.80 molar ratio, 2.5 wt. % catalyst concentration, 80 minute reaction time, and 60 °C reaction temperature. The experimental yield was 92.10 %, as determined by the optimized yield based on these parameters. This shows that the response surface methodology is a successful strategy for increasing the yield. The regression model proved successful, as observed by the error values between the predicted and actual outcomes being less than 1 % UCSOME conversion. For this study, adequate precision was 8.9518. As a result, the model can be utilized to explore the design space. Each succeeding cycle of reuse produced 91.60 %, 85.50 %, 81.60 %, 78.60 %, 74.20 %, and 72.87 % of the biodiesel. The measurements for viscosity, density, and flash point of UCSO were 33-36 mm2/s at 311 K, 911-916 kg/m3 at 288 K, and 504-510 K, respectively. UCSO methyl ester (UCSOME) had a viscosity between 3.6 and 3.7 mm2/s and a density between 875 and 880 at 311 K. While the flash points of the UCSOME are measured at 435–440 K as opposed to 504-510 K. The saponification value of cottonseed oil was 188.32 mg/g while that of biodiesel was 165.87 mg/g. Thus, biodiesel fatty acid methyl ester possesses a distinctive FTIR absorption of carbonyl (C=0) stretching vibrations near 1740-1744 cm-1 and C-O bending vibrations in the range of 1196 cm-1.

The world''s rising industrialization and motorization are to blame for the rise in demand for petroleum products. As a result, alternative fuels that can be made with locally available materials must be sought. Biodiesel is a liquid fuel similar to diesel that is created from biological sources that are renewable. Methyl esterification is a process that may turn any type of vegetable oil or animal fat into biodiesel, which is subsequently suitable for use in diesel engines. Our present investigations, aims to examine the difficulties in producing biodiesel from neem oil and to look into the characteristics of the fuel, which is fully made of mono alkyl esters produced by the transesterification process. For this experimental operation, a single cylinder, four-stroke, kirlosker diesel engine with a 1500 rpm, 3.72 kw brake power, 110 mm stroke length, 80 mm bore, and 17.5 compression ratio was used.At 1kg, 2.5kg, and 4kg loads and 2B, 3.5B, 5B, and 6B blends, the brake power efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and emission characteristics were computed and examined. Biodiesel outshines diesel oil, according to the data.

In the present study the production of biodiesel was performed by using raw material like soybean oil by trans-esterification process. According to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the international specification free glycerol in biodiesel should not be more than 0.02 mass %. To achieve the biodiesel with the ASTM specification, biodiesel was separated using prepared PAN ultrafiltration membranes. The polyacronitrile ultra filtration membranes were prepared on supporting material of woven fabric by phase inversion technique of membrane casting. The prepared membranes were characterized in terms of its molecular weight cut off and flux of the membranes. Different molecular weights of the BSA solutions were used to determine the molecular weight cut off of the membranes. Then the obtained 6KDa and 15KDa Ultra filtration PAN membranes were used to separate the glycerol from (FAME) free acid methyl ester. It was observed that the both membranes were separated glycerol from the biodiesel below 0.02 mass % which meets the requirements of the ASTM specification of glycerol. The permeate side of the 6KDa membrane was estimated to be 0.017 mass % of glycerol, whereas, 15 KDa membrane was 0.02 mass % . The glycerol percentage in retained side membranes were increased with time.

There is a growing demand for use of alternative clean energy as against fossil fuel. In trying to meet these demands, researchers are investigating various approaches towards delivering affordable clean energy from the abundant biomass in our environment, including biodiesel. Esterification of oils is one of the advanced methods of oil technology, which changes the main structure of glycerides without causing chemical changes in the fatty acid that forms the structure of triglycerides. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that is renewable and produces less harmful gases than fossil fuels. Among the sources of biodiesel are vegetable oils and animal fat. The use of free solar light sources is significant for producing clean energy and reducing the economic costs of photocatalysts. In the present work, these issues have been addressed and the work done has been reviewed. The focus of this research is to examine the studies conducted to investigate the efficiency of biofuel production from edible and non-edible oils using photocatalysts. Studies have shown the production of biodiesel with high efficiency. High efficiency for biodiesel production from this method shows the future use of this fuel.

Alkaline earth metal oxides (CaO–MgO) are employed as a heterogeneous catalyst in the manufacture of biodiesel from non-edible oils such as olive, sunflower, and corn. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of temperatures on the catalytic conversion of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using CaO–MgO. The catalyst was used to investigate the temperatures effect on the trans-esterification reaction. The best circumstances were studied a methanol to oil ratio of 6:1 and temperatures of 30-60 °C. The temperatures of the reaction has a considerable influence on the trans-esterification reaction, with optimum biodiesel conversion occurring at 60 °C and a yield 99%, with R2 values larger than 0.70. CaO–MgO catalyst exhibited 99% yield and strong catalytic activity. According to the experimental results, the CaO–MgO heterogeneous catalyst can obtain biodiesel of high yields that are comparable to those cited in the citations.

In this study, in order to produce biodiesel fuel from mixture of crop mustard and edible waste oil, ester exchange method with heterogeneous calcium oxide catalyst prepared from fish bones was used as a catalyst. Then, the effect of the contribution of important and effective factors on the molar ratio of oil to methanol, catalyst percentage, reaction temperature and reaction time on the amount of biodiesel production was investigated using Taguchi experiment design method. In biodiesel production method the optimum reaction, it can be seen that the effect of this parameter is strongly effective in the production of biodiesel with a ratio of (1:12), that this molar ratio of oil to methanol (1:12) has the best efficiency. According to the results, the amount of (0.3%) calcium oxide catalyst prepared from fish bones can be considered as the maximum value in biodiesel production. It was observed that, with increasing the reaction temperature from (55°C to 65°C), the amount of biodiesel production increases by about 8% and with the continuation of increasing the temperature from (65°C to 75°C), with a sharp decrease in production (about 30%) We face. As a result, temperature for biodiesel production is (65°C), and best efficiency and maximum percentage of biodiesel production occur in (5 h) of reaction time. The thermophysical properties of biodiesel produced from these oils were compared with standard biodiesel and all its properties were within the allowable range of standard ASTM D-6751.

Vegetable-based natural esters serve the dual purpose of insulating and cooling electrical transformers as a natural alternative to conventional mineral oils. The factory-functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed into purified cotton seed oil methyl ester to produce a nanofluid with excellent electrical and thermal properties. A dispersion method was used to prepare the nanofluids with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 wt. % nanoparticles into the ester at 0.1 wt. % increments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was performed on the nanoparticles to determine their morphology and elemental composition. This study compares the results of testing samples of mineral oil, ester, and SiO2-based nanofluids before and after aging to determine their water content, flash point, pour point, dynamic viscosity, density, dielectric loss, permittivity, and breakdown strength. The results showed that CNF5 (Ester + 0.5 wt. % SiO2) performs better even after the samples have aged, owing to the addition of 0.8 wt. % SiO2 nanoparticles. CNF5 outperformed the other samples of nanofluid in terms of both thermal and dielectric properties. For CNF5, it was observed that the breakdown voltage, flash point, dynamic viscosity, tan delta, pour point, and water content decreased after ageing. It was also found that the cottonseed oil-based nanofluid improved the electrical and thermal properties more than mineral oil as nanoparticles were added to the samples.

Worldwide interest in biofuels, such as biodiesel and biogas as alternatives to fossil fuels, is growing. The transesterification method is usually applied in the production processes of biodiesel because of its numerous advantages. The viscosity of the oil sample was decreased by utilizing this technique. The production procedure of methyl ester is determined by the amount of free fatty acids (FFA) in the sample. The titration technique was employed to evaluate this for the crude cottonseed oil (CCSO) and used cottonseed oil (UCSO), with the following results 0.56 % and 1.26 %. Heterogeneous alkali (calcined commercial CaO) catalyzed transesterification was used to convert UCSO into used cottonseed oil methyl ester (UCSOME). It involves the reaction of methanol with UCSO in the presence of the catalysts. Some of the reaction parameters that control the transesterification process were; the methanol-oil ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration. The aforementioned parameters were optimized through the response surface approach; Box-Behnken Design (BBD). The response surface yield has been plotted graphically as part of the various parameters that improve biodiesel yield. An optimized UCSOME yield of 93.60 % was obtained at a 1:10 molar ratio, 2.5 wt.% catalyst concentration, 80-min reaction time, and 60 °C reaction temperature. 94.50 % was the experimental yield obtained based on these parameters, which shows that the response surface methodology is a successful technique for optimizing the yield. The purity of the methyl ester was determined using GC-MS and FTIR.