جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « rules » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Soil erosion and sediment yield are the most widespread causes of soil, land and environmental degradation in Iran. All soil erosion types are occurring widely across Iran territory due to high susceptibility of soils, poor vegetation, arid and semi-arid climate, severe topography and mismanagement of land, soil and vegetation. In this paper, while reviewing the current estimates of water, wind, gully and other forms of soil erosion, and sediment yield; the history of educational, executive and research activities in this field in the country are critically reviewed. Also, some of the laws and legal documents have been reviewed, and while several national committees are introduced, their important achievements are presented. Educational, executive and research activities in the field of soil conservation began in the late-1950s in Iran. Postgraduate education, scientific publications, journals and conferences have quantitatively developed very fast during the last two decades, but their quality and adaptation to the country needs are questionable. While trying to respond the country's needs, the research sectors in the field also face problems and challenges, espacially their research findings are not implemented. The executive sector has not been able to overcome the increasing trend of soil degradation due to the country size, the severity and diversity of degradation, the lack of enough budget and experienced technical experts across the country, and excessive reliance on structural methods of soil conservation. It seems that the whole organization, relations and interactions of the sectors of soil conservation and management system in the country are disrupted and inefficient due to various internal and external factors. To overcome the current unstable situation, an intellectual governance is needed in which the needs, laws and policies of soil conservation and management are formed by participation of stakeholders and in a multifaceted interaction of education, research and executive sectors.

In this paper, two optimization methodologies for conjunctive operation from surface and groundwater resources are developed. The first proposed methodology consists of an integrated model that is able to consider and analysis supply and water demand management policies, together. In this model, optimum decisions are determined for reservoir-river-groundwater system simultaneous operation for developing water supply and increasing water demands conditions. Also, different climate change scenarios are considered for evaluating the system in the different situations. In this model, using NSGA-II multi-objective optimization model that surface and groundwater allocation are determined with multi-objective goal programming approach for 10-year periods in different climate. For analyzing optimization model, performance criteria are determined for system in the conjunctive operation structure in order to evaluate and rank operation approaches. Finally, using Borda count model, an appropriate solution is chosen on the obtained trade-off among different objectives. In the second methodology, a simulation-optimization model is developed for conjunctive operation from surface and groundwater resooptimum decisions are determined for reservoir-river-groundwater system simultaneous operation under different climate scenarios for developing water supply and increasing demands system. They are presented in the operation rules framework and rule curves in the monthly and weekly time steps. Finally, using fallback bargaining model, an appropriate solution is determined in obtained trade-off among different objectives of stakeholders. The results show that, aquifer modeling has better estimation from water system situation in the case study and the proposed methodologies can determine solution that can provide the most possible compromise among different stakeholders.

The unsustainable exploitation of groundwater resources has reduced the level of stagnation and has caused the crisis of Iran's plains. Given the strategic role of these vital resources, conservation of groundwater resources is one of the most important issues of today's human societies. The study seeks to answer the question by investigating the" legal dimension "of the country's groundwater authority how much the legal dimension of the country's groundwater body has strengthened the framework for cooperation or has led to an intensification of the water conflict? The theoretical framework governing this research is "institutionalism." Based on the "qualitative" research method and using the "content analysis" tool, the text of the laws related to groundwater resources of the country was analyzed. This content analysis was based on the dimensions related to participation and disputes in the institutional matrix. Therefore, the data used in this research are related to the text of the laws established since the Mashroteh Revolution until now (1906-2016) in the groundwater's basin and similarly written documents. The results showed that without the presence of people, the possibility of proper planning and the possibility of operating the programs would not be possible in any way, and the role and position of people in the coordinate axes of the water crisis should be seen, and even the design of this situation also is a need for the participation of civil society institutions.