complexity in architecture

Perceived time can have a significant impact on vital responses to daily activities and behaviors. Studies have shown that the surrounding environment can also affect human perception from time, place or event. The purpose of this study is to investigate the interrelationship between the environment and, more specifically, the architecture and the time perception of individuals. Also, the study of the genders effect, which has been reported in many studies as one of the parameters that affected from the environment and also influencing factors in time perception, has been studied. The research method is causal-comparative. One hundred participants, from available students of different faculties of the Tabriz Islamic Art University, participated in two separate computer experiments. Visual stimuli were architectural images selected with two independent factors of complexity in two levels and the background familiarity of the participants with two levels. Two standard time reproduction tests with a millisecond interval and a time production test of one hundred and twenty seconds simultaneously were utilized in prospective time estimation approach with four visual stimuli. The results analyzed by repeated measures of multivariate analysis and successive LSD test of main effect size. The findings show that individuals judge complicated images significantly longer than simple images. In addition, between factors analysis on the effect of simple and complex images between two sex groups, showed a significant difference. The results obtained in the field of time production and reproduction compared and interpreted with the internal clock, attentional gate and neural coding efficiency theories. Correspondences of findings were more with Eagleman›s neural coding efficiency model in respect of effect of complexity factor on time perception. While the findings on the between factor effect of the gender on the perceived duration, are more consistent with internal clock model. In the end, this study showed and emphasized the necessity to repeat this kind of interdisciplinary studies with more ecological approaches and stimuli closer to real environments to achieve more accurate theoretical framework and findings that are more practical

Attempts to describe what designers do by thinking of designing as a process, has its roots in systems theory. Many of design problems are made-up of heterogeneous elements, when interacting with each other; produce emergent properties, persistence over time, and adapting to changing circumstances. Hence, designers and planners have been widely paying attention to computational thinking. Despite the recent success of computational modeling and simulation methods, many of them remain incapable of illustrating the emergence phenomenon, highlighting interactions between heterogeneous agents and confronting distributed phenomena over time. Therefor in recent years, designers have shifted their focus into agent-based modeling paradigms in order to explain how to deal with such issues and to look at many potential results as options and future predictions. The aim of this paper is to review agent-based modeling, exploring the main applications in architecture and to investigate research gaps. For this purpose 203 related articles during the period from 2001 to 2016 had been surveyed, the following articles were grouped because of their common themes, Then each group explained to provide a better understanding of the prospects ahead for further studies on this modeling paradigm. Examination of the main lines of thought in its applications also indicates that collaborative design is no longer of interest to designers and robots are new and emerging area in this fields.