جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Child » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

 Investigating the prevalence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection in asymptomatic children who have been in close contact with symptomatic individuals is instrumental for refining public health approaches, protecting vulnerable populations, and mitigating the broader impact of the pandemic. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the incidence of COVID-19 infection in asymptomatic children who had been in close contact with parents exhibiting COVID-19 symptoms.

Study Design: 

A cross-sectional study.

 The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 175 asymptomatic children who had been in close contact with COVID-19 confirmed cases in Hamadan County from March 2021 to August 2021. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing was performed on all asymptomatic children who had been in close contact with an individual with COVID-19. Furthermore, multiple logistic regressions were conducted to determine the predictors of COVID-19 transmission from family members to children.

 Out of the 175 children in close contact with index cases, 53 (30.29%) tested positive for COVID-19 through PCR. Regarding factors related to the index case, male cases (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=2.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-5.09, P=0.041), rural dwellers (AOR=3.22; 95% CI: 1.02-10.16, P=0.046), illiterate cases (AOR=8.45; 95% CI: 1.76-40.65, P=0.008), and cases presenting with nasal congestion symptoms (AOR=9.12; 95% CI: 2.22-37.40, P=0.002) were more prone to transmitting the virus to children who had close contact with them.

 The findings of the present study suggested that asymptomatic COVID-19 infection in household contacts is significant in children who were in close contact with a COVID-19-positive patient. Therefore, it is crucial to continue to monitor this group closely.

Syncope is among the most common paroxysmal disorders in children and adolescents. Vasovagal syncope is the most common syncope in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of self‑care recommendations with and without tilt training on the Quality of Life (QoL) of children and adolescents with syncope.

This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in Isfahan, Iran, from April 2017 to June 2021 and included 120 patients with syncope. Eligible children and adolescents (aged 6–18 years) who met inclusion criteria were recruited by the simple sampling method and then assigned randomly into two groups. The intervention group (n = 60) received routine self‑care recommendations such as dietary advice, behaviors to prevent syncope, and counter‑pressure maneuvers along with tilt training, while the control group (n = 60) received self‑care recommendations without tilt training. The education training included two face‑to‑face sessions, each of which lasted for 45–60 min. Then, both groups were followed up by telephone (once a month) for six months. A researcher‑made self‑care questionnaire and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL™ 4.0) were completed for both groups before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods.

The Wilcoxon test results showed a significant difference in the mean scores of physical functioning, emotional functioning, social functioning, school functioning, psychosocial functioning, understanding of health, and total QoL in the intervention and control groups before and after the intervention (p </em>< 0.05). Also, the paired t</em>‑test results showed a significant difference in the mean scores of self‑care domains and total self‑care in the intervention and control groups before and after the intervention (p </em>< 0.05).

Self‑care recommendations with and without tilt training can improve QoL in children and adolescents with syncope.

Viruses are the most common infectious causes of aseptic meningitis (AM). After the COVID-19 pandemic, AM following the COVID-19 disease and its different vaccines were reported. This study compares some characteristics of patients with AM before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed patients’ demographic and laboratory data (one month to 14 years old) with AM from March 2018 to March 2022. The first period involves two years before the COVID-19 outbreak (March 2018 to March 2020). The second period starts with the COVID-19 pandemic (from March 2020 until March 2022).

A significant decrease was observed in the frequency of patients admitted with AM after the COVID-19 pandemic in the referral children’s hospital in Qazvin. The incidence of AM in children older than five decreased significantly, and as a result, the average age of patients with this diagnosis decreased, too. A meaningful decline in the prevalence of AM in the summer and fall seasons has been observed.

After the COVID-19 outbreak, the incidence of AM in children significantly decreased. Implementing the hygienic recommendations for inhibiting COVID-19 virus transmission also protected children from the spread of other viruses.

Migraine is one of the common diseases of children, which can disrupt their quality of life. Some studies have shown the effect of melatonin in reducing migraine headaches. This study aims to investigate the effect of melatonin administration in reducing headaches in children with migraine without sleep disorders.

In this clinical trial study, fifty-five children aged five to 15 years with migraines who had no sleep disorder were enrolled. The control group (twenty-seven patients) was treated with propranolol tablets, and the intervention group (thirty patients) was treated with propranolol tablets plus melatonin tablets for three months. Patients were visited before, one month, and three months after the start of treatment, and their data was collected and recorded.

The number of headache attacks decreased significantly in the intervention group compared to the control group three months after the treatment (P=0.006). The number of patients with a good response to treatment in the intervention group was significantly more than the control group (p=0.023). Parents’ satisfaction with the treatment in the intervention group was significantly higher than the control group (P=0.026). There was no significant difference in the intensity of disability caused by headaches after treatment in the two groups. No significant drug side effects were seen in any of the two groups.

Adding melatonin to the treatment of children with migraine without sleep disorders significantly reduces the frequency of headache attacks and increases satisfaction with the treatment

Imaging techniques have significantly impacted physicians ’ capability for diagnosis and differential diagnosis for decades. The aim of this review is to update our knowledge regarding the use of US in orthopedic pediatric patients for diagnostic purposes or procedural/therapeutic purposes. This review demonstrates the application of US in trauma (long bone fractures, radial neck fractures, etc.), developmental anomalies such as developmental dysplasia of the hip and congenital dislocation of the patella, soft tissue pathologies (ganglion cyst, popliteal cyst, hemangioma, lipoma, etc.), tumors, apophysitis, joint effusion, and femoral acetabular impingement. US aid in musculoskeletal procedures has also been reported; US-guided procedures such as aspiration, injection, biopsy, foreign body removal, and peripheral nerve block reduce complications, thus making the procedures safer for the patient. Sonography is a fast, low-cost, mobile, non-invasive, and radiation-free diagnostic tool. Even though US requires a skilled operator and has a long learning curve, in experienced hands is the “orthopedic surgeon’s stethoscope”. Level of evidence: IV

 Islamic Republic of Iran has provided a legal framework for embryo transfer so that fertility becomes possible with third party intervention. The use of this method of fertility as well as its effects and rules are subject to cultural, social and religious factors. The brief nature of the embryo donation law indicates the lack of adequate measures for the child’s future. The present study aimed to review the embryo donation law in Iran and some challenges in determining the rights of the child. This study employed a library, descriptive and analytical method and is based on Shia jurisprudence and law books. By using the keywords of “Donation, Alimony, Custody, and Inheritance”, various aspects of the embryo donation law have been investigated. Article 3 of the Embryo Donation Law considers the duties and responsibilities of the couples who donate the embryo and the born child in terms of maintenance, alimony and being mahram (. An unmarriageable kin in Islamic Sharia legal terminology), similar to the duties and responsibilities of children and parents. However, the important issues of lineage and inheritance are not considered. Neither it elaborates compliance with the principle of confidentiality and the non-identification of the genetic parents, the coercive guardianship of the father, and the prohibition of marriage (being mahram). There is neither enough clarity about the method of evaluating the recipient couple’s moral competence, the limit of the number of gamete donations, alimony, or custody. It is necessary to explain the kinship and genetic inheritance, amend birth certificate registration law, specify the rejection of anonymity to prevent the phenomenon of mixing lineage based on Shia jurisprudence, or to add new materials to this law.

Social anxiety is one of the most prevalent issues leading to significant functional and behavioral disorders in children. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of neurofeedback intervention on the behavioral performance of children with social anxiety disorder (SAD).

A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a time series design and control group. The statistical population included all 6-8-year old children with SAD (according to the clinical interview and the cut-off score in Leibovitz’s social anxiety questionnaire) referring to the Ziai Counseling Clinic in Meybod City, Iran. A total of 10 children were selected by convenient sampling method and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 16 sessions of neurofeedback intervention, while the control group received no special intervention. Goodman’s abilities and problems questionnaire was used to measure children’s behavioral performance in five phases, pre-test, fourth, eighth, and twelfth sessions of the intervention phase, and post-test. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurements.

The results showed a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in behavioral performance; additionally, in the experimental group, a significant difference was observed between the scores of behavioral performances in different phases of measurement, but this difference did not exist in the control group.

The neurofeedback intervention is effective in improving the behavioral performance of children with SAD and can be used as a complementary treatment alongside other psychological and drug treatments for these children.

Burn injuries represent a prevalent concern among children, often resulting in irreversible complications. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and severity of burns in children under 12 years of age admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam from 2015 to 2019.

This retrospective descriptive study examined the medical records of 150 children under 12 years old admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam with burn injuries between 2015 and 2019. Data were collected through chart reviews and interviews with the patients' families, and analyzed using SPSS v-19.

The majority of burn cases occurred in children under three years old (61.3%, 92 individuals), with more than half being boys (55.3%, 83 individuals). Second-degree burns accounted for 87.3% (131 individuals) of cases, with approximately 80% (120 individuals) involving burns covering 1-20% of the body surface area. Hot liquids were the leading cause of burns (79.9%, 119 individuals), and 84% (126 individuals) of burns occurred in enclosed spaces. Only 18.7% (122 individuals) of cases required hospitalization, with no fatalities reported.

 Preventive measures targeting young children, particularly those under three years old, and boys, given their active nature, are crucial in reducing burn incidents. Additionally, addressing factors such as the availability of combustible materials, particularly hot liquids, through educational programs can significantly contribute to burn prevention efforts.

Physical activity (PA) plays a crucial role in the overall well-being of children in the long term. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between PA, sedentary behavior (SB), and body composition (BC) among primary school children. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted in Ali-Abad-Katoul, Iran in 2023. A sample size of 322 boys was selected using convenience sampling method. ActiGraph wGT3X-BT accelerometer and Body Composition X-Scan Plus II were used for measuring PA pattern and BC. Pearson correlation and Independent t tests were used to analyze the data. The accelerometer data revealed that participants spent 67.55% of the total time in SB. Moreover, on average, daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was 49.71±22.37 minutes. Accordingly, the daily energy expenditure was 558.39±250.17 kcal. SB was directly and significantly associated with Body Mass Index (BMI) (r=0.628, P<0.001) and Mass of Body Fat (MBF) (r=0.347, P<0.001). In addition, our results revealed an inverse and significant correlation between MVPA with BMI (r=-0.849, P<0.001) and MBF (r=-0.716, P<0.001). Finally, the children who did meet the MVPA guideline had significantly lower BMI (t=-3.781, P<0.001) and MBF (t=4.892, P<0.001) and higher Skeletal Muscle Mass (SMM) (t=4.209, P<0.001) than those who did not meet the MVPA guideline. These findings suggested that vigorous PA and SB play a role in controlling children’s adiposity, highlighting the importance of engaging children in high-intensity PA and reducing SB.

Finding the factors that may affect performance of fine and gross motor skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is of great importance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the correlations between physical activity (PA) participation and anthropometric features with gross and fine motor skills in school children with ADHD. This was a descriptive-correlational study. The study participants were 320 students with ADHD (including 120 girls; mean age of 7.86±0.89 years) from Tehran, Iran, in 2023. To assess PA, anthropometric features and motor proficiency, the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) scale (scores range from 0 to 7), standard tools such as a meter and scale, and the short form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (scores from 0-53, and 0-51 for gross and fine skills, respectively) were used. The data were analyzed using independent t-test and Pearson correlation test. The participants had a relatively low level of PA (mean=2.23±1.07). Moreover, boys exhibited significantly higher proficiency in gross motor skills compared with girls (t=6.282, P<0.001), while girls demonstrated significantly higher proficiency in fine motor skills (P<0.001). Also, PA was directly and significantly associated with both gross (r=0.593, P<0.001) and fine motor skills (r=0.478, P<0.001). Moreover, body mass index showed an inverse and significant correlation with gross motor skill (r=-0.681, P<0.001). These findings emphasized the importance of promoting more PA and height-to-weight matching processes for optimal motor growth in children with ADHD. Therefore, it is recommended to incorporate programs aimed at enhancing motor skills in children during physical education lessons.

Abortion, a common pregnancy complication, is influenced by multifaceted reproductive, economic, social, and cultural factors. This study investigates abortion determinants among pregnant women in Khorramabad, Iran, from September 2020 to March 2021.

This case-control study involved 416 pregnant women (208 cases, 208 controls) selected from Khorramabad health centers through census and random sampling during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on demographics and pregnancy history were collected using a checklist and analyzed with STATA16.

Among the 416 pregnant women, the mean age was 31.00 ± 5.53 years in the control group and 32.27 ± 6.85 years in the case group. Furthermore, 74 (35.58%) mothers in the case group had a diploma, 192 (92.31%) were housewives, and 106 (50.96%) had A+ blood group. The majority of mothers (46.63% in case, 39.42% in control) had an overweight range of pre-pregnancy BMI (25-29.9) (kg/m2). The mean height was 162.97 ± 5.30 in the control group and 160.86 ± 5.39 in the case group. Multiple regression logistic analysis confirmed significant associations between abortion and mother's age (OR=4.67, 95%CI=1.11-19.62), previous cesarean delivery (OR=4.33, 95%CI=1.94-9.66), not taking folic acid pills during pregnancy (OR=14.92, 95%CI=6.25-35.61), low income (OR=7.00, 95%CI=2.02-24.35), not smoking (OR=0.28, 95%CI=0.08-0.94), and absence of pre-diabetes (OR=0.13, 95%CI=0.03-0.47) (p < 0.05). No significant relationships were found between abortion and other studied risk factors.

 Older mothers with lower income levels are more likely to experience abortion. Additionally, factors such as pre-existing pre-diabetes, previous cesarean deliveries, smoking, lack of folic acid supplementation, and maternal infections are identified as risk factors for abortion. Providing education, healthcare, and continuous support from healthcare workers can promote safe pregnancies, reduce the risk of abortion, and enhance maternal and child health outcomes.

Optimal feeding of children with adequate nutrients is regarded as the most effective method for proper growth and development, which occurs rapidly during the first few years of life. In this regard, Ayurvedic nutritional supplements and herbal medicines are given in infancy and early childhood. This age group is of utmost importance in dentistry. Plants and herbal derivatives are rich sources of fluoride. Hence, monitoring of ingested fluoride levels during this stage is of utmost importance to optimize its intake and avoid toxicity. The study assessed and compared the fluoride concentration in preparations of indigenous Ayurvedic prescribed for infants, toddlers, and preschool children in Kerala, India.

In this laboratory study, three samples each of nine indigenous Ayurvedic preparations of solid, semi-solid, and liquid forms were used. Fluoride level was measured by high range fluoride colorimeter—Checker HC—Hanna Instruments, based on sodium 2-(parasulphophenylazo)-1,8- dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalene disulphonate (SPADNS) method, and recorded in parts per million (ppm).

Among powder forms, the highest fluoride concentration was observed for Gopichandanadi (2.40 ± 2.02 ppm). Among semi-solid and liquid forms, the highest concentration was found in Chyavanaprasha (1.30 ± 1.73 ppm) and Indukantham syrup (9.8 ± 0.10 ppm), respectively. The highest mean fluoride concentration was obtained from liquid forms, followed by solid forms, and the lowest one was present in semi-solid forms.

Although the concentration of fluoride varied across the various forms of preparation, none of them exceeded the safely tolerated dose (STD) of 8-16 mg/kg.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases among pediatric patients. Current research indicates that efforts to prevent diabetes in children and teenagers have not been successful. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with diabetes among children and adolescents.

This systematic review was conducted through literature searches in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Medline databases. The search filter incorporated terms such as diabetes mellitus, T1DM, T2DM, child, and adolescent.

The initial database search retrieved 9,949 articles. Ultimately, only 15 studies met the criteria and proceeded to the next stage for extraction and analysis. Based on the analysis of the eligible studies, various risk factors for the incidence of diabetes in children and adolescents were identified and categorized into non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors. Non-modifiable factors included family history of diabetes, ethnicity, gender, and age. Additionally, maternal pregnancy and unmarried parents were found to contribute to the incidence of diabetes in children. Modifiable risk factors included obesity, sedentary behavior, physical activity, smoking history, and diet.

Family history of diabetes mellitus and obesity are the main risk factors for diabetes. There is a significant relationship between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors.

The performance of invasive methods, such as urinary catheterization in children, usually creates emotional distress in their parents. It is necessary to use appropriate interventions to reduce the anxiety of mothers and hospitalized children.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the animation display of urinary catheterization on the anxiety of mothers with hospitalized children in 2021.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 60 mothers (30 mothers in each group) of children aged 1 month to 12 years in the emergency ward of one of the children’s teaching hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad City, Iran. They were selected by convenience sampling. Mothers were grouped into intervention and control by random allocation. In the first stage, animation videos on inserting a urinary catheter were prepared separately for male and female children. In the second stage, in the intervention group, mothers watched the animation related to the procedure before the urinary catheter insertion. In the control group, the mothers of hospitalized children were provided face-to-face explanations about the method before urinary catheterization. The Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory was completed before and after the intervention for both control and intervention groups. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive (Mean±SD) and inferential (the independent t-test and chi-square test) statistics.

The Mean±SD ages of mothers in the intervention and control groups were 36.9±10.87 and 34.44±9.27, and the mean ages of the children in these two groups were 3.5±6.29 and 2.89±6.73 years, respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the mean anxiety score of mothers before watching the animation video. Nonetheless, after watching that animation, there was a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.001), and watching the animation video of urinary catheterization significantly reduced mothers’ anxiety.

The present study pointed out that educational animation videos of urinary catheterization reduce mothers’ anxiety levels. It seems that the use of educational animation as an effective, quick, accessible, and easy intervention can be helpful in the reduction of anxiety and enhancement of knowledge among mothers of hospitalized children.

Spiritual health is part of the general concept of child health. Considering the effects of spiritual health on the growth and development of children, it is necessary to understand the concept of spiritual health and its dimensions in children. Accordingly, this study explains the dimensions of children’s spiritual health. 

This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 17 children and 9 researchers and specialists in the field of children’s mental health. Interviews were conducted with an average duration of 30 min.

Dimensions of children’s spiritual health with two themes of balanced relationship in 4 categories of relationship with God, relationship with self, relationship with others, and relationship with the environment, and the theme of relationship transcendence in 2 categories of transcendent behaviors and love of God were explained. 

Regardless of other developmental principles that follow the rule of maturity, the balanced relationship of spiritual health and the relationship transcendence of spiritual health in children did not follow the rule of maturity, and due to the innateness of the themes of balanced relationship and relationship transcendence of spiritual health. These characteristics have existed in children since childhood, regardless of any religious-spiritual measures within the family, and their spiritual health potential has been realized from their potential state.

After the divorce of their parents, children face various behavioral problems, and the attachment styles of the parents and their parenting styles will affect these problems. This research assesses the mediating role of attachment styles in the relationship between parent-child relationships and parenting styles with children’s behavioral problems after divorce.

The investigation was classified as a descriptive-correlation type. The population consisted of mothers of children aged 6 to 10 years who had undergone divorce proceedings at the Shahid Bahonar Judicial Institute’s Welfare Department in Tehran City, Iran, during the first half of 2022. A convenience sampling method was used to select 268 mothers based on a correlation plan. They completed the child behavior inventory (CBCL), parent-child relationships survey questionnaire (PCRS), parenting styles inventory (PSI), and revised attachment style survey (RAAS). The research hypotheses were tested using the smart partial least squares in structural equation modeling. 

The assessment of the research tools’ reliability was conducted via the Cronbach α method and the composite reliability coefficient, with all variables showing a coefficient of above 0.7, indicating acceptable reliability. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using the average variance extracted, which exceeded 0.4, indicating relatively acceptable validity. The assessment of the adequacy of the structural model involved analyzing important coefficients of Z, R2, and Q2, with the obtained results indicating an appropriate fit. The results displayed that the mediating role of anxious-ambivalent attachment style and avoidant attachment style is evident in the association between authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and the parent-child relationship, particularly concerning children’s behavioral problems (β=0.184, P<0.05; β=0.019, P<0.01). Secure attachment style serves as a mediating role (partial role) in the association between authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting style and parent-child relationship with children’s behavioral problems (β=-0.364, P<0.05; β=-0.096, P<0.01; β=0.056, P<0.05).

Avoidant and secure attachment styles can mitigate the impact of permissive and authoritarian parenting styles by mediating roles in the association between parent-child relationships and parenting styles with children’s behavioral problems after divorce. They also highlight the emphasis on maintaining positive parent-child relationships and implementing authoritative parenting styles to reduce children’s behavioral problems following. Further research is needed to address and assess concerns regarding children’s behavioral problems after divorce.