investigating of effective barriers to promotion of faculty women in Iranian universities

The women's participation rate in the position of a professor, such as their participation rate in the Iranian economy, is very low. The presence of women in postgraduate education has increased due to the rapid expansion of higher education, creating opportunities for them in Iran. However, the rate of women's participation and their promotion on a university career path is still lower than the average in developed countries.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the barriers affecting the presence of women faculty at high academic levels. The research method of the study is descriptive and survey-type. The statistical sample includes 406 women faculty members working in public universities affiliated with the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology in 1400. The sampling method is Simple Random. In the present study, the structural equation modeling approach was used by AMOS22 and SPSS22 software to analyze the data. Based on the findings, four hypotheses were confirmed. The results show that women faculty believe that "cultural factors and laws governing the university," "scientific and educational factors," "individual and personality factors," and "family factors" had the greatest effect on their low promotion in the university, respectively.