Estimation and Evaluation of Iran's Economic-Energy-Environmental Performance with 3EPI Composite Index and TVP Model

The main goal of this research is to design a composite economic-energy-environmental performance index (3EPI) for Iran's economy by generalizing the methodology of Khramov and Lee (2013) as well as evaluating the effect of variables on the composite performance index during the period from 1991 to 2021 using a time-varying parameters model (TVP). The 3EPI index is calculated in a weighted and unweighted form, and the trend is separated from the cyclic with the Hodrick-Prescott filter. The findings show that the long-term trend of the 3EPI index is in the range between 35 and 60 percent, which is significantly different from the base number of the index (i.e. 100 percent). The chronicle of the index shows that the worst performance is related to the implementation period of the structural adjustment policy (1994 and 1995), the first round of economic sanctions (2012), and the intensification of economic sanctions in the latest round of sanctions (2019). The best performance is related to the two periods of the relative stability of macroeconomic variables and the period of implementation of the JCPOA agreement. The results of the application of the TVP model show that, from 2011 to 2021, the variable of the budget deficit to GDP ratio had the most significant negative impact on Iran’s 3EPI performance index