A Review of Simulator Platforms for Quantum Key Distribution Systems

One of the crucial methods to achieve guaranteed secure communication is the implementation of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). In fact, QKD, as an interdisciplinary security technology, utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics to share a one-time-pad encryption key. From an architectural perspective, QKD systems are complex and costly physical systems composed of hardware components (including optical, laser, electro-optical, electronic, etc.) and software elements. The design and analysis of these systems require skills and expertise in various fields such as quantum optics, information theory, electrical engineering (electronics and telecommunications), and computer science. One of the fundamental needs related to the practical implementation of a QKD system is using a simulation platform. More precisely, conducting simulations before practical implementation plays a significant role in analyzing and identifying model bottlenecks, mitigating risks, increasing speed, and reducing setup costs. Additionally, by employing simulations, the selection of optimal subsystems is also facilitated. This article presents the requirements and considerations for a mathematical model and a suitable simulation platform for QKD systems. A comprehensive review of various computer software, programming languages, packages, and toolboxes for simulating QKD systems is conducted. The most important virtual labs and quantum games suitable for the education and design of QKD systems are discussed. The advantages and limitations of each laboratory are stated and compared with each other.