Understanding the spatial patterns of temperature hazards in Qazvin Province

Climate change has significant negative impacts on various human activities. With the anticipated intensification of climate hazards due to these changes, it is essential to develop climate-resilient sectors to mitigate associated risks. Effective climate risk management requires strategies that identify patterns of climate hazards to support informed decision-making. Policymakers, researchers, and the general public can benefit from climate-related hazard atlases, which provide critical information to better understand risks and implement measures to reduce the impacts of these hazards on human health, agriculture, and other sectors.Qazvin Province, located in northwestern Iran, is particularly vulnerable to atmospheric and climate-related hazards such as frost, drought, heat waves, cold waves, dust storms, air pollution, and flooding. The occurrence of such climate disasters in Qazvin underscores the importance of disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation measures. This study utilized daily maximum and minimum temperature data from the ERA5-Land dataset for the period 1991–2020. The ERA5-Land dataset, with a spatial resolution of 0.1 degrees and a temporal resolution of 1 hour, served as the foundation for analyzing temperature extremes.The Climpact project was employed to calculate climate-related hazard indices and demonstrate their spatial patterns across Qazvin Province. Additionally, composite maps of extreme events, land use, and population distribution were generated to aid in interpreting the results. The spatial analysis revealed that the northeastern region of Qazvin Province is a frequent hazard zone, experiencing a high number of icy days annually, ranging from 100 to 130 days. In contrast, the central part of the province registers the highest temperatures, with an annual average exceeding 50 hot days.The multi-hazard map demonstrated that the central part of Qazvin Province is simultaneously affected by multiple climate-related hazards. This area, characterized by concentrated population and economic activities, faces amplified climate-related socioeconomic risks, highlighting the urgent need for targeted adaptation and risk reduction strategies.