Unveiling the Potentials and Limitations of ChatGPT in Second Language Education: A Qualitative Study

This study examines the integration of ChatGPT into second language (L2) education, with a focus on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching in Iran. Through qualitative analysis of interviews with 15 Iranian EFL teachers, the research explores how ChatGPT enhances teaching practices both inside and outside the classroom, the challenges teachers face when using it as an assistant, and their strategies for overcoming these challenges. The findings reveal that ChatGPT offers significant benefits, such as improving students’ language skills—particularly in writing and reading—providing support for lesson planning, task creation, and material preparation, and delivering immediate feedback for learner evaluation. However, the study also highlights key challenges, including the need for reliable VPNs and stable internet connections, risks of reduced originality and critical thinking, and concerns about diminished human interaction and creativity due to overreliance on the tool. The research concludes that while ChatGPT can be a valuable assistant in L2 education, its effectiveness depends on balanced usage, proper teacher oversight, and targeted training to ensure responsible and effective integration. These findings provide practical recommendations for educators and policymakers aiming to incorporate AI tools into language education effectively.