Analyzing the relationship between architectural forms and structural forms in traditional architecture with a research approach in the religious buildings of Mashhad

From a distant position in relation to the building, it is the form and volume of the building that visually governs our perception of the building, not its details, and it is the external form and mass of the building that invites revelation and examination of the relationship between architectural form and structure. But before considering the variety of relationships between the structural form and the architecture that the designer uses to enrich the architecture, it is necessary to clarify the meaning of some terms and words. Architectural form is often used by designers, but it is rarely defined. It breaks the tradition of using the word (freely). Although he clearly defines this concept, his definition is still vague and imprecise. He suggests that architectural form should be assumed as a comprehensive term that refers to the external form or overall design of the appearance of the building, and to a lesser degree, it refers to the internal organization and connecting the principles and rules of design through the architectural form. He also notes that the word shape includes several visual and communication features; This means that size, color, texture, position, orientation, and visual inertia are all under the umbrella of the concept of building shape. The architectural form is basically taken from the external form and shape of the building and is limited to it. Such deliberate simplification and clarification excludes the concept of form and considerations regarding internal and external structural organization from architectural form. In fact, this idea is an acknowledgment of the fact that the three-dimensional volume of the building may not have anything to do with its structure. By separating architectural form from what is commonly used, an opportunity is provided to examine the structure with specific aspects of architecture that in the past included more general definitions of architectural form. These aspects include topics such as texture, order and spatial organization.Such a limited definition of architectural form, without considering structural considerations, reflects observations about both aspects of architectural design attitudes and built and executed architecture. In the design process, during the practice of architectural design, it is common to distinguish between architectural form and structure.Structural form also needs explanation. In the field of architecture, the type of traditional use of the structure means the structural essence of the building. For example, a beam-column structural form may be described as a skeleton. Beams and columns may be used as supports for the flat floor structure and stabilized by a shear wall. In this case, the viewer's perception of the structural framework is a strong structural system in the building. Perhaps this framework (beams and columns) is a more expressive element than a shear wall. Perhaps the visibility of the structural frame elements (beams and columns) is increased due to the absence of internal separating blades. Of course, when the shear walls are also moved back, so that they are in the background of the frame and not in its planeThe architecture and the structure in the traditional building are in combination with each other and the traditional architect has created an eternal work based on the teachings of the traditional architects and using traditional and natural materials. With the change in the type of materials and based on mathematical calculations and the development of technology, architecture and structure have become separated and now they are separated as two separate disciplines, which in this research is based on the examination of religious works in the city of Mashhad as a religious metropolis. In the Islamic world, which is stable throughout history in different styles of architecture, the factors of integration and combination in Islamic architecture were studied. which is based on the method of applied research with library studies and face-to-face encounters with the works that include 41 religious buildings in Mashhad city, the knowledge of the type of materials and the type of each work and the arrays used in it from the point of view of the impact on the structure and architecture, and collected by SP software. Basis. Data analysis was done and by analyzing each work from the perspective of recognizing structural and architectural form patterns, the factors of interaction between structure and structure in traditional buildings were identified and it was determined that most of the buildings in the Safavid and then Timurid periods have a pattern of combining architecture and structure using the sub-pattern of the walls and arcs.