نشریه روند
پیاپی 71 (پاییز 1394)

The general policies of economic resilience as policy guidelines for any economic policy making requires the operational conceptualization in various areas i.e. banking etc. Since procuring the required finance in Iran is bank oriented, the importance of banking system for its functional adaptation with general policies of economic resilience which is notified by the supreme leader could be intensified. Hence, in this paper an attempt is made to answer the following basic questions: 1- what are the dimensions of resilient banking pattern? and 2- what are the banking aspects of notified general policies of economic resilience? For this purpose we have utilized the Delphi method of conceptual and expert opinion analysis. The results prima facie indicate that the term of resilient banking, comprises the resilient bank and resilience making bank in the national economy, in both areas of internal and international banking in which we have extracted the appropriate banking contrivances from them in toto. However, in our view, the arts of resilient banking system for adopting to the general conjecture of the economy is implementation of macroeconomic strategies of banks in consonance with general policies of economic resilience viz-a-viz formulating and application of suitable models of employment per se.

Achieving a sustainable economic stability and strengthening the economy against the menace of negative and positive shocks is considered to be one of main priorities of policy makers of Iran in toto. It is obvious that macroeconomic vulnerability will lead to uncertainty of economic agents regarding the future developments of the country and will have a negative impact on investment trends and economic growth per se. On the contrary, the macroeconomic stability can mitigate the economic uncertainty and promote the long term growth, Ipso facto. The economic sanctions of west which imposed on Iranian economy had devastating impacts on both real and nominal sectors of the economy. Thus adoption of appropriate strategies to deal with that and restoring the economy to its long-term equilibrium path is bearing a dire importance for policy makers de jure. In this context, one of the essential policies which designated by the authorities of Iran, was the implementation of economic resilience approach within a composed system against the jeopardy of stochastic external and internal shocks Sui generis. The results of this study prima facie indicate that the enactment of economic resilience policy and acquiring its optimal consequences requires long-term meticulous planning coordination of all economic sectors and enhancing the economic ex-efficiency. However, the Iranian economy is replete with various structural and infrastructural bottlenecks, which can be rectified viz-a-viz institutional underpinning, homogeneous norms of economic agents, well articulated value system, sense of sacrifice to the community, glorification of work culture and sincere contribution of people to the productive common pool, pro rata.

The Economic Resistance can be designated as empowering the national economy against the menace of stochastic changes, various risks, internal and external threats in toto. These maladies may occur in the path of progress and prosperity of any country. The economic resistance could pave the way for achieving the prospectus targets of the economy and optimal utilization of opportunities thereto. Hence, conceptually it can bear certain analogy with prevailing economic literature of Economic Resilience. In this context a social system is resilient, where it can de facto absorb the temporary or permanent risks and adjust itself with rapidly changing conjectures of the economy without exhausting its efficiency Ipso facto. In this paper, an attempt is made to expound prima facie the very term and measurement indices of Economic Resilience in the economy. These indices are per se classifies into two groups of national and regional levels. It is obvious that, more awareness regarding the concerned issues and efforts of some other countries for implementation of economic resistance in their respective socio-politico-economic setup can be helpful for more robust and meticulous evaluation of its principles and policies quid pro qua.

The economic sanctions which imposed by the western governments and created significant bottlenecks for the Iranian economy have paved the way for postulating the introduction of economic resistance policy by the supreme leader. However, due to lack of scientific apparatus to formulate the underpinning dimensions and strategic components of the economic resistance principle, yet we have not found the efficient expert comments regarding the same in toto. Thus, in this survey an attempt is made to expound the very concept of the economic resistance and specify the sustainability of external sector of the economy. For this purpose, we have investigated the sustainability for the external sector viz-a-viz estimating various measures and indices in context to Iranian economy Ipso facto. The results prima facie indicate that in consonance with prevailing literature, all indices of sustainability in a particular country do not bear homogeneous results for others, per se. Moreover, computation of an index could be designated on the basis of socio-politico-economic conjecture of each country pro rata. Besides an enquiry about sustainability indices should not be confined only to the external sector and we would also construe the financial system and government budget Sui generis. Finally, we have propounded the required policy recommendations and relevant policy making quid pro qua.

In recent years the international financial system has become so complicated that it has generated increasing challenges and costs for policy makers to identify and assess the various risks which may encounter thereto. Nonetheless, compared with the analysis of monetary and macroeconomic stability, the enquiry for financial stability is still in its infancy. In fact, there is no any widely accepted concrete model or comprehensive analytical framework for measuring the financial stability in the economic literature yet. In this context, only those financial indicators have been developed which could provide the appropriate warning signals to policy makers regarding the existing potential quandary in the real economy per se. Hence the prevailing frameworks for ensuring the international financial stability which is combination of private market discipline and public prudential supervision, have not kept pace with the modernization and globalization of financial market in toto. Besides, adaptation of prophylactic contrivances against the menace of systemic risks in financial sector and provisioning the robust structure for financial institutions to mitigate the incidence of financial crises could constitute the essential elements of financial stability packages Ipso facto. In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate de facto the financial stability indices and the measures for its proper monitoring. The results prima facie indicate that most of the countries in the world have chosen the financial stability as one of their main economic goals which to be implemented Sui generis. Thus, since the financial stability in the economy is considered to be the pillars of economic resilience principle, it is necessary to estimate and monitor the efficacy of financial stability indices in the Iranian economy Sine qua non.

In this paper, an attempt is made to study the attitudes of Common People and Academics regarding the necessities of implementation of Economics of Patience Policy in Iran. For this purpose, we performed a survey in various public and university mosques. Besides, we have adopted two stage sampling methods. In the first stage, we extracted the required information through distributing the concerned questionnaires in different public and university mosques, and in second stage, we conducted a survey viz-a-viz random sampling. The statistical population of this survey constitutes the prayers of various public and university mosques in Tehran during the different months of 2014. We have utilized the Cranach Alpha method for estimation of internal consistency and average correlation between explanatory variables of the survey for all questionnaires and components of questionnaires quid pro qua. The results prima facie indicate that the concept of Economics of patience for common people under the study in public mosques could be construed as "providence" and "Income Equality", while for prayers in university mosques it was expounded as "Accountability" and "Creativity" Sui generis.

Rapid growth of Islamic banking in developing countries is accompanied with claims about its relative resilience to financial crises as compared to conventional banking. However, little empirical evidence is available to support such claims. Using data from Pakistan, where Islamic and conventional banks co-exist, we compare these banks during a financial panic. Our results show that Islamic bank branches are less prone to deposit withdrawals during financial panics, both unconditionally and after controlling for bank characteristics. The Islamic branches of banks that have both Islamic and conventional operations tend to attract (rather than lose) deposits during panics, which suggests a role for religious branding. We also find that Islamic bank branches grant more loans during financial panics and that their lending decisions are less sensitive to changes in deposits. Our findings suggest that greater financial inclusion of faith-based groups may enhance the stability of the banking system.