فصلنامه گیاه و زیست فناوری ایران
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1396)

This study has been conducted in order to investigate the effect of salt stress on Qualitative and quantitative traits on Lemon verbena (Lippia Citriodora) in the north of Iran, Behshar in 1392 at spring. Experiment was performed in factorial manner in a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The treatments consisted of three levels of salt stress (0, 2.5 and 5 dS/m2 NACL). Variance Analysis showed that the salinity stress at 0.1 percent had a significant effect on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of medicinal shrub of lemon verbena. Comparison results demonstrated that the effects of salinity were so that the maximum plant morphological characteristics (height, number of stems, wet weight of leaf, wet weight of stem, wet weight of root, dry weight of leaf, dry weight of stem, dry weight of root) and the lowest one were observed in control treatment of under salinity and in the treatment of 5 dS/m2 of salinity. The results of the comparison of the mean of the qualitative traits showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a, carotenoid, soluble sugar, antioxidant activity and essential oil content were higher in the control treatment and the chlorophyll b content was 2.5 dS / m2 and proline at 5 ds/m2 has been more. No significant difference was found between salinity of 2.5 and 5 dS/m2 in all investigated factors. As a result, it is not suitable for lemon cultivation in areas with a salinity of 2.5 dS / m2 and above.

Plant Nutrition is an important factor in the growth and phytochemicals. The use of natural fertilizers can improve yield and herbs. Accordingly, experiment in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments included 3 replications and replications with 3 pots were conducted. Treatments include humic acid 1%, urea and sulphur coated urea 46 kg/h, the same time use humic acid 1% with urea and sulphur coated urea 46 kg/h and the pot without treatment was considered as control. After sterilization pot and add the appropriate culture medium, 5 seeds were planted in each pot and after about 2 weeks treatments with irrigation water every other day and the third was applied 3 times a week and the beginning of the fifth week of sampling and measurement of properties was conducted. Quantitative traits such as plant fresh weight and dry weight, plant height and total chlorophyll content were evaluated. The results showed that the treatment of humic acid 1% with urea and sulphur coated urea have a best result in fresh weight and dry weight, plant height and humic acid have a best result in total chlorophyll content.

In this research, a primary and basic soil production model was utilized. This model has considered soil formation in a landscape conditioned by a digital elevation model. The model demonstrated the application in quantifying pedogenesis. The model stated the changes in soil thickness with respect to time duration; it depends on physical weathering rate of rock, the loss due to chemical weathering and transport of the soil through erosion. The rate of physical weathering or lowering of the bedrock surface is represented by an exponential decline with soil thickness. The movement of materials in the landscape was characterized by diffusive transport, leaching and dissolution. Dissolvation, authigenesis and hydration of soil were considered as losses by chemical weathering. The model was solved numerically using finite difference approach and applied to a digital elevation model. The obtained results showed that the soil thickness is highly related to the profile curvature. The effect of climate, rock type and land management were presented by different combinations of weathering rate and erosive diffusivity. The model also exhibits the characteristics of a nonlinear dynamic system. Simulation of soil development in Qazvin plain for different time scales was illustrated. Finally, results showed promising progress in evaluation of quantitative pedogenesis.

In order to study the effect of Humic Acid and Iron Chelate on the quality and quantity of Satureja hortensis was carried out in a factorial test based on a completely randomized design with 3 replication in 2015-2016. The treatments of this experiment consisted of Humic Acid in levels of non-use (Control), 150,300, 500 mg / L and Iron Chelate was in levels of non-use (Control), 1, 2,4 g / L. The measured traits were Plant height, plant dry weight, number of branches, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and the percentage of essential oil, carvacrol and γ-terpinene. Humic acid increased plant height, plant dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, essential oil content and the percentage of γ-terpinene. Moreover, the highest positive impact was observed on treatment with 300 mg per liter of Humic Acid. Iron Chelated increased plant height, plant dry weight, number of leaves, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and percentage of essential oil and carvacrol. In general the most positive effect was in 4 grams per liter treatment of iron. To conclude, the application of humic acid with chelated iron, especially in combination of 300 mg per liter of humic acid with 4 grams per liter of iron improve quality and quantity of Saturejahortensis Also, The interaction of humic acid with iron did not had significant effect on percentage of essential oil.

Plants develop postembryonically from pools of continuously active stem cells embedded in specialized tissues called meristems, which are located at the growing points of shoot and root. How these stem cells are established, maintained and guided towards differentiation within the highly dynamic shoot apical meristem is only beginning to emerge. At the core of the complex regulatory system are spatially distinct subdomains within the shoot apex, in which cells carry out defined functions, despite highly similar phenotypes. Spatial and temporal control of these domains appears to rely on an elaborate network of phytohormone signaling, transcriptional loops and intercellular trafficking of key regulators. In this review, we aim at summarizing and connecting the mechanisms underlying the spatial organization of the shoot apical meristem and the sequence of molecular events occurring during the life of a shoot cell, from its birth towards its differentiation.

The length of vase life is on of the most imoirtant factors foe quality of cut flowers. In the world many attempts have been taken to increase the vase-life of cut flowers by using different methods and materials. In this research, the effect of applying citric acid and malic acid each on with 3 concentration 2, 4 and 6 mM at preharvest stage on vase-life of rose was investigated. The factorial experiment was carried out as a randomized complete blocks design with 7 treatment and 3 replications. Durind the experiment traits such as relative fresh weight, height of plant, anthocyanins levels in petals, total chlorophyll of leaf, protein, activity of PAL and SOD enzyme and flower longevity on plant were evaluated. The results showed that usage of malic acid and citric acid cause improvement in traits of evaluated vs. control and The best results in all of the parameters observed in malic acid (6 mM).

The genus Mentha includes 25–30 species that grow under cultivation from tropical to temperate climate of America, Europe, China, Brazil, India, Australia, and South Africa. Cultivation of medicinal plants with organic fertilizers and biological, pharmaceutical and negative effects on the quality of their performance reduces, (Griffe et al., 2003). Sustainable agriculture based on the use of bio-fertilizers for the purpose of eliminating or significantly reducing the use of chemical inputs, the optimal solution for overcoming these problems is comes to. Of biofertilizers contain preservatives densely populated beneficial soil organisms or for one or more metabolic products are available to improve soil fertility and appropriate supply of nutrients needed by plants in a sustainable agricultural system used (Saleh Rastin, 2001). The main aims of this study were the effect of Mycorrhizal symbiosis, use of Vermi compost and Compost tea on growth, yield and quality Melissa officinalis. Field experiment was carried out at Sari (53° 63´ E and 36° 82´ N and a height 43.3 meter from sea level), Mazadaran province, Iran in 2014-2015. The soil chemical characteristics were included 7.30 pH, 2.1% organic carbon, 1.15% total nitrogen, 5.5 ppm phosphorous and 280 ppm potassium. The trial was set up as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The experimental factors were included biofertilizer with three levels (inoculation with Mycorrhiza, inoculation with vermi compost and compost tea. For mycorrhiza treatments, Glomus mosseae strain was applied at 10% of each pot time of sowing. vermi compost 10% of each pot with animal origin was applied Compost tea with a volume of 1liters at the 4-5 leaf stage were sprayed on plant leaves. Data analysis All measurements were analyzed of variance with the using of SAS software. Means were evaluated by LSD test. The results showed that The combination of low input and ecological systems and Mycorrhizal symbiosis inoculation and organic fertilizers application such as Compost and vermi compost can substitute chemical fertilizers.The results of the study showed that organic fertilizers and mycorrhizal had significant impact on all measured characteristics and increased dry and fresh weight characteristics when compared with those of the control group So that the fresh weight, Leaf width were obtained from the mycorrhizal, compost tea and vermicomposting treatment. The application of vermicomposting, compost tea and mycorrhizal symbiosis through making the nutrients available increased plant growth, yield components and improve Mentha spicata quantitative characteristics.