Infidelity as one of the main causes for divorce has very deleterious effects on family, mental health, and feelings of the victims. The purpose of this study was to identify and explain emotional experiences and reactions of women victims of infidelity.
In this interpretative study with phenomenology method, study population consisted of women victims of infidelity in Shemiranat, Tehran City, Iran, in 2016. 18 women of 22-64 years who were victims of the infidelity were selected through purposive sampling and were investigated by a semi-structured interview. The data were analyzed using a thematic analysis method.
The data analysis resulted in two main themes, 12 subthemes, and 61 initial concepts. As the first theme, ‘maladaptive emotional reactions’ consisted of subthemes as the feelings of separation from life (including feelings of sadness, frustration, and desire for death), separation from oneself (including inadequacy, and sense of abandonment), anger, hatred, cruelty, vulnerability, emotional confusion, fear and anxiety, numbness, and coldness. The second main theme was ‘adaptive emotional reactions’ consisting of subthemes as feelings of self-worth (including one’s own and spouse), compassion (including toward the spouse, and toward the rival), and attachment to the spouse (interest in the spouse, sense of their ownership, and their forgiveness).
The results showed that infidelity was a phenomenon not experienced similarly by all women victims. Based on social constructivists, different perceptions of women victims causing different patterns of reactions to infidelity in them. Given the fact that the findings have been elicited out of a native study, they may play a vital role in developing the intervention packages.

lifestyle changes are one of the most important factors in promoting the capabilities and quality of life in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The aim of this study was to explore the lifestyle changes from the perspective of patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Using qualitative content analysis approach, changes in lifestyle in patients undergoing hemodialysis were explored. Patients were being dialyzed for at least one year. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. Purposeful sampling was gradually started based on codes and categories and continued until data saturation. Interviews were conducted with 20 participants. The duration of interviews was between 40 and 85 minutes. Data collection and analysis was performed simultaneously based on the five-step method of Granheim and Lundman. The accuracy and rigor of the research was secured using Lincoln and Guba criteria.
Five themes reflecting the experiences of changes in lifestyle among the patients undergoing hemodialysis were extracted, "trying to follow the meal plan", "persistence in taking prescription drugs," "compromising with the change in sleep patterns," "coping with physical activity", and "maintaining the social and psychological independency".
The finding in this study explored the lifestyle changes in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The therapeutic team must support the patient to gain coping strategies and make essential changes in life style, and emphasize on admitting them effectively in everyday life.

Effective and appropriate interventions used by nursing mothers in exclusive breast feeding, in accordance with existing conditions, can have a great effect on the maintenance, continuity and promotion of breastfeeding. So, identifying these successful strategies is essential to make future breast feeding health plans for mothers and infants, and to ensure exclusive breastfeeding.
This was a qualitative study of conventional content analysis conducted in the year 2014. Participants included sixteen lactating mothers of kids up to one year old, and of successful experience in exclusive breastfeeding, who have refereed to health centers in Golestan and Mazandaran universities of medical sciences, Iran. Their experiences on the strategies used successfully in the first six months of exclusive breastfeeding were collected through unstructured and in-depth interviews. Sampling was purposive and was continued until reaching data saturation. The study data were analyzed using constant comparison analysis technique.
Eight main themes related to the nature and dimensions of mothers’ understanding of the strategies used to gain successful exclusive breastfeeding were extracted. These themes were as “comfortable and pleasant preparation before breastfeeding”, “information from reliable sources”, “lifestyle adjustment to breastfeeding”, “intelligent resiliency”, “resolutions for infant’s reluctance in breastfeeding”, “strengthening and ensuring the adequacy of milk and lactation”, “breast care during breastfeeding”, and “the use of religious instructions”.
It is recommended to consider the role and eminence of mothers, and their successful strategies and guidelines related to successful exclusive breastfeeding seriously in codification of health care policies.

The patient relationship management is a comprehensive strategy of reception, preservation, and cooperation of customers and gaining information about them as much as possible to create increased value for both the organization and customer. Achieving this goal in hospitals increases patient satisfaction, trust, and commitment. Therefore, this study aimed to determin the dimensions and affecting factors in boosting patient relationship management strategies in Kerman City hospitals, Iran, in 2015.
This functional qualitative-correlation study was conducted through phenomenological method in the city of Kerman. The research participants were 15 male and female managers, experts, physitions, assistants, nurses, and scholars in the field of healthcare and treatment, and also patients and their companies in public and private hospitals in Kerman City.
The six dimensions of “identifying and attracting the patient”, “patient participation”, “patient confrontation”, “patient empowerment”, “understanding patient’s expectation”, and “patient relationship” were identified as general criteria of patient relationship management in hospitals.
Regarding the results, familiarization of hospital managers with the importance of the issue of patient relationship management must be conducted by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Provision and operationalization of practical and theoretical guidelines for the implementation of patient relationship management strategies in three domains of staffs, equipment, and procedures are suggested.

Since Iran is accident-prone, paying attention to the issue of crisis, particularly earthquake, is very important. On Friday, December 26, 2003 at 5:26 a.m., a devastating earthquake converted Bam City, Iran, and its surrounding villages to the mound of soil. In this study, we surveyed the impact of the earthquake on the lives of people who experienced earthquake. Because the knowledge of prevention, preparedness, and appropriate response for earthquakes and other disasters can be achieved only through the experiences of people who had a perception of these disasters.
This article was part of a content analysis qualitative study conducted from December to March, 2015 in the Bam city. Purposeful sampling method used and continued until code completion and data saturation. To collect the data semi-structured interviews were used.
Of 10 participants in this study, 50% (5 participants) were women and 50% (5 participants) were men. Mean age of participants was 39.70 ± 13.07 years. The mean duration of the interviews was
51.30 ± 10.86 minutes. One of the main themes emerging from the interviews was “the sudden collapse of life in a few seconds”.
Based on interviews, the essence of life suddenly collapse was achieved. It represents the value of qualitative studies on understanding problems of victims and survivors of natural disasters, especially earthquake. It is hoped that real aspects of the crisis on the lives of survivors be achieved and used in planning timely and accurate crisis management based on the real needs of injured people.

Marriage is an important vital event which from social point of view is known as a firm relationship between a man and a woman. Sometimes marriage does not last so much and results in divorce. Usually after separation, divorced woman do not like to marry again which this subject has many problems and results. So, this research was done to study these problems and results.
This was a qualitative research in the kind of grounded theory. The study population was the society of divorced women in ages of 20 to 45 years old covered by Yazd City, Iran, Imam Khomeini Emdad Committee, of which, 25 persons were selected using aimed sampling method. The method of collecting data was semi-structured interviews which was recorded, rewritten, and analyzed the content with the agreement of them.
27 contents and 10 topics (basic topics) were extracted. The topics included “low income and financial problems”, “continuous occupation”, “loneliness and seclusion”, “relationship limitations”, “inconvenience of others in the society and working environment”, “offering friendship and temporary marriage”, “family reproach and object of the behaviors”, “family pressure for remarriage”, “lack of father's kindness”, and “non-investigation of children's training”. The topic of “life pressure” became a fundamental topic.
Not getting remarriage and the lonely lives of divorced women create many problems and results. These problems like links reinforce each other and place the women in double pressure. So, remaking the psychic, social, and economic subjects for divorced woman after separation and forcing them to remarriage is suggested to reduce the result and outcomes.

Living with individuals suffering from intellectual disability in families engenders particular concerns, worries, and challenges for siblings. The aim of the present study was to access siblings’ lived experiences in living with individuals with intellectual disability.
This study was conducted employing a qualitative method, using the lived experienced technique, and via in-depth interviewing on 9 siblings with intellectual disability selected via purposive sampling method. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using Colaizzi’s nine-step analysis method.
Findings obtained from siblings’ experiences of living with individuals suffering from intellectual disability were summarized into 6 themes of “fear of the future”, “family turmoil”, “negative emotions”, “positive emotions”, “discrimination between siblings” and “social stigma”, and 9 sub-themes which were coded in the form of subgroups of 6 main themes.
These findings can provide information for identifying problems, significance, and adoption of supportive and medical strategies for siblings of individuals with intellectual disability to improve their psychological health.

Through recognizing spiritual coping strategies against the desire of re-using drug among ex-addicts, their empowerment in facing the desire of re-using drugs can be improved. This study aimed to explore some spiritual coping methods against the desire of re-using drug among ex-addicts.
This study was done based on the qualitative method and contract content analysis. The participants were 18 ex-addicted men selected through a targeted sampling method, which were in different periods of drug withdrawal. Data collection was done through semi-structural interviews; and the data were analyzed using the method of Graneheim and Lundman.
The theme of spiritual-bases coping with three main categories of "spiritual beliefs", "supportive-based resources", and "spiritual evolutions" was specified as spiritual coping strategy against the desire of re-using drug.
Considering the efficacy of spiritual coping against the desire of re-using drug among ex-addicts, it is necessary for social workers to strengthen spirituality and spiritual beliefs in these patients as an impediment tool to improve their supporting programs.

In recent decades, cognitive-behavioral programs for reducing weight have had remarkable success. Generally, in these programs, many components are involved which lengthen the duration of therapy, and also it is not clear which one of the components is more practical for individuals. The present research attempted to answer the question regarding which components of cognitive-behavioral therapy were more practical in peoples’ everyday life for keeping the lost weight or losing weight.
This was a qualitative study based on directed content analysis. A purposeful sampling procedure was used which aimed at women who had undergone cognitive-behavioral therapy for weight loss, and who were able to keep their weight loss or had lost more weight at least 6 months after therapy. The semi-structured interviewing by cognitive-behavioral psychotherapist specialized in weight loss was ended with 18 people of these participants. Primary coding was done deductively based on Cooper and colleagues’ program for cognitive-behavioral therapy for weight loss. In addition, final components were approved by a matched group of women not in the sample, and by cognitive-behavioral psychotherapist specialized in weight loss.
From 35 primary components which were extracted deductively from the cognitive-behavioral protocol, only 17 components were approved by individual women who had undergone cognitive-behavioral therapy; such that the majority of these women reported using most of these 17 components in their everyday lives, or evaluated them as highly important and practical for losing weight during therapy.
The findings indicate that among many components involved in cognitive-behavioral therapy, only part of them are executed and practical, and that the rest of methods or components are forgotten or are not used. Therefore, it seems possible to focus cognitive-behavioral therapy on most practical components.

Divorce affects all aspects of life of each individual involved, especially women. Meanwhile, woman whom get better post-divorce adjustment have greater physical and mental health. This study aimed to identify and explain factors influencing divorced woman’s adjustment after divorce.
In this study, a qualitative research method based on content analysis was used. 19 divorced woman were selected using purposive-volunteer sampling. The data were gathered through semi-structured interviews until reached up to full saturation.
Data analysis discovered a main category named “adjustment after divorce”. This category consisted of 10 components as subcategories included “help and support by family and friends”, “attitudes and religious beliefs”, “patience and forgiveness”, “job and professional skills”, “problem solving skills”, “financial resource management”, “social relations and entertainment”, “children the origins of resistance”, “counseling and professional helps”, “reinterpretation”, and “turning to an independent person”.
This study helps family and divorce experts and practitioners to explore and identify factors contributing to the adjustment after divorce that by arranging suitable programs helps divorced woman to reach adjustment after divorce. In addition, all responsible organizations may use this results as well as educational and medical centers to help adjusting divorced women and reducing divorce damages.

Today, with emerging qualitative methodology, questions about the validity and reliability in qualitative research findings have raised. According to different views about validity and reliability of qualitative research, this study aimed to determine the main criteria of validity and reliability in qualitative research from the view pointes of experts groups.
In this cross-sectional descriptive research, internet scientific search was done in national and international valid databases including Irandoc, PubMed, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, and Thomson Reuters Web of Science using keywords about the validity and reliability of qualitative research. The articles focusing on the validity and reliability in qualitative research in the area of health and hygiene during the years after 2002 were extracted and assessed.
A total of 25 research and review articles, and other resources related to reliability and validity of qualitative research since 2002 were extracted and assessed. There were variety of methods, and interpretive viewpoints about the validity and reliability of qualitative researches. Evaluation methods to gain credibility and reliability in qualitative researches depended on researcher's ontological, epistemological, and theoretical attitudes and insights.
Any researcher depending on his/her theoretical insights selects a separated method to assess the reliability of their qualitative researches. The reliability and validity in qualitative researches depend on asking principle questions about the nature of research, recognition of it, the logic governing it, and the trustworthiness of results.