International Journal of Children and Adolescents
Volume:3 Issue: 3, Aug 2017

The prevalence of overweight and obesity as a major risk factor for several chronic diseases is increasing rapidly worldwide. Several studies pointed a correlation between obesity and nutrition pattern in children and adults. However, there are still some controversial aspects about this association. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body mass index and nutritional pattern in adolescents.
This is a case-control study including 204 7th -12th grades high school children elected through multiple cluster-sampling in Birjand city. A questionnaire consisted of nutritional patterns was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.15. The statistical tests used were Chi square and t-test at α= 0.05.
There was no significant difference in age, gender and grade of school between overweight/obese and normal weight subjects. Although there was higher calorie intake in obese/overweight group, but there was no significant difference discovered. There was lower consumption of breakfast in the obese/overweight group (p=0.04). The average number of meals during one weak was significantly more in obese adolescents than normal ones (p The amount of calorie consumption was not different between case and control in this study, thus, other factors including physical inactivity and genetic factors should be investigated in further studies.

Although Up to 90% of adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) remain functionally impaired, but less than half continue to take medication. In developing countries little is known about factors influencing willingness to use the treatment. This paper has assessed views on willingness to use treatment in groups involved in ADHD.
17 adolescents with ADHD referred to Tehran Psychiatric Institute participated in this qualitative study by available sampling .Focus Group discussions (FGD) were conducted in two groups of adolescents and two groups of their parents and teachers. Deep interviews were done with two pediatricians and data analyzed with Content analysis method.
The most important factors influenced willingness to use the treatment, in all of groups consist of side-effects expectations, concerns regarding social stigma of medication, incorrect perceptions and low knowledge about ADHD and its treatment, cost and unavailability of treatment options. All groups confirm effectiveness of medications but adolescents had lowest willingness to use the treatment.
Involvement of adolescents in treatment decision-making may increase willingness to use the treatment. Totally, despite of all treatment obstacles, all of the groups accepted medication is inevitable.

Digeorge syndrome is caused by microdeletion of a large region of chromosome 22q11.2 lead to the abnormal development of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches. This syndrome is characterized by hypoparathyroidism, cellular immune deficiency secondary to thymic hypoplasia, congenital heart disease and dysmorphic facial features. In this case report, we describe a 4month old boy who presented with respiratory distress due to cardiac anomaly (Large PDA) that was hypocalcemic, thrombocytopenic, lymphopenic and had hepatomegaly and history of seizure in neonatal period.
Because of recurrent opportunistic infection, this infant was suspected of immune deficiency. He died after about 4 month hospitalization due to severe sepsis and multi organ failure feature. Genetic study confirmed chromosomal 22q11.2 deletion and Digeorge syndrome after his death.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) is a common disorder in pediatrics and early diagnosis is important. However, in young children diagnosis is problematic. A problem is variety in sign and symptoms and for exact diagnosis in some case we need expensive modalities. Thus, new way is needed. IL-6 at last decades was preferred to UTI diagnosis and upper/lower involvement differentiation. According to contrariety in IL-6 accuracy this study was performed to learn about diagnostic accuracy of plasma IL-6 in UTI diagnosis and its power for differentiating upper from lower involvement. At this descriptive study, 83 patients were included and examined for Interleukin 6 value in both urinary tract diagnosis and upper/lower involvement differentiation. Demographic characteristic like age, gender, history, physical examination beside of blood tests like white blood cell count, ESR, CRP, IL-6 were done and results listed. Descriptive parameters were reported by mean and frequency and for statistical analysis was performed using t-test in SPSS v.16. ROC curve was checked for diagnosed value. In this study 83 patients (14 control group, 33(39.8%) cystitis, 36(43.4%) pyelonephritis) with 3.93±3.069 mean age enrolled. Age distribution at this study was 20, 63 for males and females, respectively. The IL-6 level in cystitis was higher than control and but was not significant. In ROC curve sensitivity and specify of IL-6 for cystitis were 52%, 50% and for pyelonephritis 60%, 50%, respectively. According to this study, IL-6 is not a good biomarker for Urinary tract infection and differentiation upper tract involvement from the lower tract. A wide range of Il-6 level and useless of this biomarker can be due to gender distribution, time of disease presence, bacterial virulence and other factors. Therefore, studies on large sample is recommended.

Nocturnal snoring and open mouth breathing in children is one of the common causes of referrals to pediatricians. The two most common reasons of this problem are adenotonsillar hypertrophy and allergic rhinitis. Based on the findings, there is still no significant relationship between these two diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of adenoid hypertrophy and allergic rhinitis in children with mouth breathing complaints who referred to the allergy or ENT clinic of Ali Asghar Hospital in Tehran during 2015-2016.
The population included all children between the ages of 4 and 12 years with symptoms of mouth breathing and nocturnal snoring referred to Allergy clinic of Ali Asghar Hospital during 2015-2016. These patients were examined by allergy sub-specialist in terms of atopy, allergic rhinitis, and allergy tests history. Patients were also examined by hospital otolaryngologist and otolaryngologist and the severity of tonsil hypertrophy and conchae was found. A checklist of the patient gender and age, age of the first allergic rhinitis symptoms, clinical signs at referral time, the severity and frequency of allergic rhinitis symptoms, other diseases, selected therapies by doctor, is also completed by researcher. Allergic rhinitis symptoms and adenoid hypertrophy symptoms and severity of asthma, duration of allergic rhinitis symptoms, quality of life, parent's history of smoking in children, and parent's history of snoring were also included in.
104 children at mean age of 6.35 ± 2.65 years were enrolled. Of these, 54.8% were male. Only 17.3% of children had adenoid hypertrophy, and other children had seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis, or had both of them. The highest prevalence of nasal congestion symptoms was 92.3% and rhinorrhea was 79.8%. Mite allergy was 28.8%, weeds mixtures allergy 26.0%, pollen trees allergy 15.4%, dog and cat's hair allergy in 8.7%, and food allergies in 2.9% of children. The frequency of rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, sneezing, nasal itching, tearing and itching eyes, pulmonary allergy, asthma, gastro esophageal reflux and mites, weeds mixtures, pollen trees, dogs and cats hair allergies was significantly more (p It can be concluded that the prevalence of allergic rhinitis which responds to avoidance of specific allergen and intranasal corticosteroid in children who referred with mouth breathing complaints is much higher than adenoid hypertrophy with no response to pharmacological therapy, and in case of proper diagnosis and treatment, a few children will ultimately require surgery. Therefore, considering the appropriate strategies and planning for early diagnosis and treatment of these patients, can reduce the need for surgery, its complications for patients.

Renal abscesses are rare in childhood. They have vague manifestations and any delay in proper diagnosis and treatment could lead to morbidity and mortality. We present a 5-year-old girl with multiple renal abscesses after pyelonephritis that lead to total nephrectomy due to multiple drug resistance.
The renal abscess may have subtle symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment strongly prevents undue mortality and morbidity. This case highlights the need of timed diagnosis and proper treatment. There must be a clinical suspicion of renal abscess if treatments have not enough effect on clinical condition of patient.

Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for children with end-stage liver disease. Improvement in outcomes (allograft and patient survival) has led to widespread use of pediatric LT worldwide. This success is due to improvement in patient selection, transplant surgery, anesthesia/postoperative care and immunosuppression management. This review will focus on different aspects of LT which every pediatrician should know to provide better patient care.