نشریه سوخت و ساز و فعالیت ورزشی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1396)

NLRP-3 Inflammasome is considered an indicator of chronic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which can result in secretion of IL-1β from adipose tissue. Despite numerous investigations on the underlying activation mechanisms of NLRP-3 in pathogenesis of T2DM, less attention has been paid to the impact of exercise on NLRP-3. Male stereptpzosin-induces diabetic rats (n=40) were randomly assigned to five groups (n=8): diabetic+ low intensity  endurance training (DL), diabetic+ moderate intensity endurance training (DM), diabetic+ high intensity endurance training (DH), non-diabetic with no training(CON), and diabetic with no training(D). Eight weeks of running (four sessions per week) with different intensities were completed. Western blotting method was used to measure NLRP3.  ELISA technique was used to assess serum levels of insulin and glucose. Results showed that expression of NLRP-3 protein were significantly lower in endurance DM (P<0.05) and endurance DH (P<0.05) groups against DL group. Caspase-1 expression was significantly lower in DL (P=0.001), DM (P<0.05), and DH (P<0.05) compared with D group. However, no significant different was found between the training groups. Serum insulin level was significantly lower in endurance DH group compared with endurance DL group (P<0.05).In comparison with D group, significant reduction of serum glucose was observed in endurance DL group (P<0.05), endurance DM (P<0.05), and endurance DH (P<0.05). It appears that training with high and moderate intensities induced positive modulation in NLRP-3 expression as well as improved glycemic factors levels.

Excessed energy is stored as triacylglycerol (TAG) in adipose tissue within various organs. In order to reduce excessed fat storage, the utilization of fat storage must be increased to produce energy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 8 weeks progressive resistance training on expression of proteins involved in skeletal muscle tissue lipolysis in rats feed with sucrose solution. 32 male Wistar rats (6-8 weeks) were randomly divided into two groups, the first group took sucrose solution 30%, the second group did not. After 4 weeks, each group divided into exercise and control groups. Exercise groups performed a progressive resistance training protocol 3 days per week for 8 weeks.  Tissue samples were taken 2 days after the last session. HSL, Perilipin and LXRα protein expression were determined by Western blot. To evaluate the difference between the variable and the interaction between them, two-way ANOVA at the significant level of P˂0.05 was used. Protein levels of HSL and Perilipin were increased in the exercise group compared to control (P˂0.001), but LXRα levels were unchanged. The effect of sucrose solution alone and the interaction between the consumption of sucrose and progressive resistance training on the expression of these proteins in muscle tissue were not significant. The results show that although the 8 weeks of progressive resistance training significantly increased the expression of some proteins involved in lipolysis, but these changes are not related to the consumption of sucrose solution.

Nowadays the effect of physical exercise on diabetes control improvement is evident and the both insulin release and function depends on magnesium (Mg) and Mg even improves insulin sensitivity. However; diabetes causes hypomagnesiumemia which in turn worsens glycemic control in a viscous cycle. Likewise; little is known about the synchronized effects of exercise training along with Mg supplementation on diabetes control. Therefore; the aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects from eight weeks of aerobic training and magnesium supplementation on metabolic control, blood insulin and glycosylated Hb (A1C) and Mg levels in female patients with type II diabetes. This study was done based on an experimental method using a pretest-posttest design. Thirty volunteer midlife type II diabetic females were randomized into training-Mg, training-placebo and control groups.  The subjects consumed magnesium oxide or amylose containing pills (250 mg) once daily in a double blind order for eight weeks. The training groups also experienced eight weeks of moderate intensity aerobic training (3 sessions/week running for 60 min in each session at 40 to 60% of THR). Fasting blood samples were taken at two occasions between 8 to 9 am; baseline and after the intervention and the data were analyzed using paired samples t test and one way ANOVA at 95% significance level. 30% of the subjects had hypomagnesiumemia at baseline. Blood Mg was just elevated in the training-Mg group throughout the intervention (P<0.05). However; blood glucose, insulin, A1C, TG, waist circumference and blood pressure were all declined in both the training groups (P<0.05). Additionally, there were greater depressions in blood glucose and insulin levels of the training-Mg group rather than training placebo group (P<0.05). Aerobic training and synchronized Mg supplementation could provide a better diabetes control along with other therapeutic proceedings.

The purpose of present study was to compare the effect of two volumes six- and eight-week of concurrent training on physical fitness factors, cortisol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level changes in adolescent soccer players. Twenty players (age: 15 ± 0.91 years; weight: 61.10 ± 10.07 kg; soccer experience: at least 5 years) randomly divided into 6-week or 8-week group (n=10). The training protocol had two phases including general (three weeks) and specific in three days a week for 90 min. The type and intensity were same for both groups and only the volume was different between them. Aerobic power (1609 m), speed (60 m), muscular endurance (push up and sit up), and fasted venous blood samples (cortisol and hs-CRP) were collected before and after training period at 8-8:45 P.M and 8-8:30 A.M, respectively. The values of VO2max, speed, push up, and sit up were improved compared to pre-training values in both groups. Eight-week volume was more effective regarding the reduction of cortisol (%16.77; P=0.033), but the speed of six-week group was improved (%5.27) with a large effect size (r = -0.11). With respect to other variables, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Gradual increase in intensity of conditioning training within eight weeks compared to the same increase within six weeks lead to more effective reduction in serum cortisol of adolescent soccer players, but in relation to hs-CRP levels and improve in VO2max, speed and muscular endurance, it has no more advantage.

High intensitystrength and endurance training can increase exercise capacity. The aim of this study was to describe the effect of high intensity strength and endurance training on body fat index, glucose homeostasis and serum leptin of 15 to 20 year old Taekwondo players boy. Of the eligible volunteers in the study, 20 taekwondo players aged 15 to 20 were selected as the research sample. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: moderate-intensity resistance-endurance training (the first group, the mean age was 17.77 ± 2.26 years) and high intensity (second group, 16.90 ± 1.72 years). The first group, , had moderate intensity and endurance training for 95 minutes, and the second group performed high intensity training for 80 minutes. Along with the conventional taekwondo exercises Before and after 8 weeks training, body fat index, glucose hemeostasis and serum leptin were assessed. For data analysis, dependent t-test and independent t- test were used. P<0.05 was considered significant. Compared with the pre-test, in the second group a significant decrease was observed in the body fat percentage, insulin and insulin resistance levels. Leptin and FBS significantly decreased after exercise in both groups. The Comparison between groups showed only significant difference in body fat percentage (P=0.03).. High intensity strength and endurance training in athletes can potentially lead to significant reduction in subcutaneous fat. Decreased serum leptin and glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity can improve the taekwondo lpayers performance

Exercise training represents a successful and powerful strategy to prevent future cardiovascular disease. However, Studies have shown that acute exercise can increase serum concentrations of cardiac biomarkers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a session wrestling match with beta-alanine supplementation on some indicators of heart damage in elite wrestlers. 16 wrestlers as subjects (two men in each weight) were selected and purposefully they were divided into control and experimental groups. Supplement group consumption 1000 mg beta-alanine for 4 hours before the protocol. The training program includes a course of the match was simulated, the wrestler held four wrestling match at intervals of half-hour. The amount of 8 ml blood samples from the brachial vein before, immediately after and one hour after the exercise program were collected. Data were analyzed with using of t test and analysis of variance with repeated measures at α<0.05. The results showed that a session of wrestling match with beta-alanine supplementation had no significant effect on troponin I and troponin T (P=0.05). a session of wrestling match with beta-alanine supplementation were significantly increased CKmb and LDH (P=0.000). It seems indicators damage the heart (cardiac troponin I and T) to follow the intense activity and beta-alanine supplementation does not change in athletes with high fitness.