مجله راهور
پیاپی 29 (تابستان 1398)

In this study, the effectiveness of these measures in reduction of vehicles speed has been considered, considering the extensive use of speed humps and humps as physical traffic calming measures in Iran, especially in the northern provinces (due to high accesses, interference of social roles and displacement of road, and the significant difference between speed of vehicles and speed limit). This study was carried out to determine the relationship between geometric characteristics of humps and vehicles speed in 90 different areas of roads in eastern part of Mazandaran province. Since the studied sample consisted of all types of humps, including arches and beds and they performed in different functional classes of roads, they were categorized for better examination and Separately, each geometric feature was identified. and the speed of vehicles were determined individually around them. The speed of the vehicle was recorded at a few points before, on the humps and then it was recorded using a speedometer camera , and their dimensions were surveyed accurately by using the Total Station camera. Finally , data was evaluated using linear regression model in SPSS software and has been presented the main factors affecting vehicle speed reduction and models related to speed reduction. Considering the high number of selected humps in the study, the results of this research showed that it is possible to use these models to design and implement humps for passage speed and different specific speeds; in addition, these models could evaluate the effectiveness of the humps in speed reduction, and determine the speed profile at different distances from the humps in a high level of confidence.

One of the issues that affect pedestrian accidents , is the vehicle features including the appearance design, color and driver assist facilities. In this study, we attempted to compare the use of pedestrian accidents statistics as well as survey of related experts to the rate of accidents in dark-colored vehicles to light-colored vehicles. It also investigates which types of vehicles are most likely to be involved in pedestrian accidents.

This research is applicable in terms of objective and analytical-descriptive in terms of type and method. The method of data collection was documentary and library and then interview and questionnaire. The statistical population is selected from traffic skilled experts including university professors, Tehran municipality and traffic police. Factor analysis method was used for data analysis of questionnaires. The statistical population of accidents includes all pedestrian accidents in Tehran between 2014 and 2016 years.

In this study it was shown that dark-colored vehicles more than light-colored vehicles as well as unsafe vehicles such as Peykan than others with pedestrians are more likely to be involved in a car accident. It was also found that driver assistance facilities were effective in reducing pedestrian accidents.
 

The positive impact of color, design and driver assistance facilities on pedestrian safety can be considered for people to buy safer cars. You can also encourage people to use safer cars by considering insurance discount or car annual complications for drivers who use light-colored cars or cars that have a safer design or equipped with driver assistance facilities.

Given the importance of traffic injuries and limited studies of distraction behaviors, especially in motorcyclists, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of decentralized driving behaviors among motorcycle drivers.

This cross-sectional study was carried out by simple sampling method on 273 motorcycle license holders who referred to one of the +10 police stations who were willing to complete the questionnaire. The self-administered questionnaire included questions about high-risk behaviors that could reduce one's concentration when riding a motorcycle. After data collection, the data were entered and analyzed into a database designed with SPSS software.

The mean age of participants was 02/9±4/36  years and the mean age was 35 years. About 86.1 percent of motorcycle riders have performed at least one distracting behavior while driving a motorcycle in the last month. The most common behaviors leading to distraction in recent months have been search for street addresses and talk to motor passenger. The least prevalent of these behaviors were song selection or tuning the player and reading the map to find the address. On motorcyclists' attitudes about which of the following behaviors can lead to distraction. 96/7 believed that reading or texting while driving the motor can cause distractions too much or too much. The relationship between attitudes about the extent of the effects of behaviors leading to distraction such as talking to motor passenger, talking to other motorcyclists and drivers, reading map to find address, searching addressing at street, smoking, eating and drinking, arranging hair, face and clothes, watching people walking or riding, listening to music, selecting songs or adjusting the sound of the player, dialing or talking on a mobile phone while driving a motorcycle, distracting the driver, was significant in driver distraction, doing at least one behavior that resulted in distraction during the last month.

Considering the high number of traffic injuries in our country and the high frequency of distracting behaviors, it is recommended to improve the awareness and attitude of drivers regarding these behaviors and to strengthen the legislation in this field.

The low level of road safety in the country and high crash statistics relative to the global average are nowadays a challenge for managers and decision makers in the field of transport and traffic. The accidents in addition to the many financial losses it causes, also result in many casualties and injuries. Therefore, researchers have focused much attention on analyzing the causes and severity of accidents to help provide appropriate solutions to reduce these damages.  the main objective of this study is to investigate the cause of accidents and determine the contribution of different parameters to the occurrence of an accident.

In this research, statistical modeling and determining the contribution of different factors in the occurrence of accidents were investigated using 2433 real accident data. Also, in this study, a sequential logit model is presented to predict the severity of accidents and determine the effect of each parameter. The results of the proposed modeling are also compared with current models such as neural networks.

Discussion of the results shows that the sequential logit model is more efficient than the neural network model. In addition, the presence of pedestrians has the greatest additive effect on the severity of accidents, and the right-lateral accidents has the greatest decreasing effect among the effective parameters. On the other hand, the distance from the origin and the accident in the early hours of the morning have the least additive effect and andthe least reducing effect on the intensity of accidents, respectively. After pedestrians, the presence of heavy vehicles at night has been the highest contributor to the increase in the accident severity. Suggestions: In future studies the effect of parametric factors such as the driver's familiarity with the route is investigated to predict the severity of accidents. Location-time analysis can be a great help in advancing researches in the context of the severity of accidents. From a practical point of view, it is also suggested that the education of drivers of public transport concerning the parameters affecting the increase in the severity of an accident be included in the agenda by the Road and Transportation Organization.

Modifying the traffic behavior of drivers is one of the key issues in reducing accidents in countries. In the meantime, three human, social, and technical-engineering factors influence driver traffic behavior, and interventions in each of these components affect driver behavior.

In this study, it has been attempted to qualitatively investigate the drivers 'traffic behavior based on these three factors and to determine the characteristics of each of these components and their impact on the drivers' traffic behavior. This can assist traffic constellations in predicting driver traffic behavior. In the qualitative section, through in-depth and semi-in-depth interviews with transport elites through planned content analysis, the factors affecting driver behavior were explained and ranked the effects of each of the factors.

Among the three mentioned factors, at first social factor and external controls were considered as the most effective factors on driver's traffic behavior and secondly, individual factor and third, technical and engineering factor in road and automobile domain. In the continuation of this study, the Friedman statistical test has identified and explained prioritizing the attributes in each of these three factors.
Suggestions: It seems that social controls can regulate much of traffic behavior and work to change and modify traffic behavior in society. To change the research on traffic behavior, one must consider each of these three factors in view of the impact of social factors. Take action on traffic behavior. In order to change the research on traffic behavior of driver   should be taken the necessary actions considering the approach of influencing social factors on traffic behavior

The existence of social discipline and respect for laws and regulations are vital to any society. The most important purpose of lawmaking is to maintain discipline and security and to determine the boundaries and no tendency of human beings with disorder, breaking the norm and lawlessness. The acceptance of the rule and regulations of society by the public creates discipline at different levels and elements of society. Societies that have succeeded in understanding the developmental stages, they have usually been disciplined and bound by law. Whatever the rate of acceptance of the law be less than most people in the community, it will not be possible to execute it properly. Failure to enforce laws at the micro and large levels of society in the long run questions the legitimacy of existing laws. In this respect, the police have the task of controlling and enforcing the law in the face of difficulties and obstacles. As the holy city of Qom is one of the most important pilgrimage, religious and political cities in the country and its inhabitants are of different cultures and ethnicities (domestic and foreign). Therefore, it is necessary to examine the obstacles and difficulties of applying traffic laws and to find ways of removing these obstacles.

The purpose of this study was to identify barriers to the application of traffic rules in Ghom. The research is applicable in terms of type and descriptive-survey in terms of method and nature. The statistical population of the study consisted of 210 managers and staff of Ghom Traffic police queue. The sample size was 136 people using Cochran formula. Structural equations were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the most important barriers to law enforcement in Ghom were priority, respectively: 1- Barriers related to infrastructure, 2- Organizational barriers, 3- Traffic culture barriers and 4- Regulatory barriers. Results and Suggestions: Based on the results of the research, suggestions were made; for example, infrastructure barriers should be remedied through urban authorities and stakeholders (including municipality, provincial government and governorate of Ghom).

The purpose of doing this study was to determine the effectiveness of safe traffic package training offered in Children's Learning of boys and girls in first, second, fifth and sixth grades of elementary school.

  The method of the present study was experiment  in type of a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with control group. . The statistical population of this study consisted of all children (12-7 years old) in the first, second, fifth and sixth grades of elementary school (boys and girls) who   were selected through multistage cluster sampling from elementary schools in Tehran with sample size of 240 individuals and randomly divided into experimental and control groups with 30 individuals in each of the bases and sexes. In this study, the package of safe traffic behaviors, was trained the experimental group in 8 sessions of 60-minute. But the control group received no intervention. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire according to article of Traffic Laws in three areas of pedestrian, bicyclist and car driver with 35 questions 4 options. This questionnaire was validated by face validity method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (91%) was used to determine its reliability.

The descriptive findings of the present study and statistical indices such as mean and standard deviation of pre-test and post-test of boys and girls traffic safety behaviors variable by group and educational level show that in boys and girls group, the mean of experimental group among  the first, second, fifth and sixth grades students had a significant change compared to the control group.

Also the results of hypotheses considering the results of covariance analysis followed by statistical analysis and Bonferroni follow-up test show that there is a significant difference between experimental and control groups and different educational levels. ؛ But in terms of gender, there was no significant difference between boy and girl students and their progress was equal.