مجله اندیشه مذاهب اسلامی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

Presently, in many Muslim countries, the label of disbelief has become a pretext in the hands of suicide bombers to shed the blood of Muslims and other innocent people and at the same time declare themselves as martyrs in the way of Allah. Today, the issue of disbelief faces serious challenges and cannot be implemented. Moreover, the current expediencies in the Muslim countries cannot justify the application of technical disbelief. For disbelief is a mutli-faceted issue that needs to be addressed precisely. The caution has to be taken so that a Muslim should not be mistakenly accused of disbelief. It seems that those who unknowingly accuse Muslims of being disbelievers are ill-informed of the theological criteria of Kufr [disbelief]. Disbelief has theological and jurisprudential criteria which are related to the domains of beliefs and actions, respectively. The current article attempts to put forth a well-organized theory on disbelief in the light of the Quranic verses and Islamic narrations; knowing that it’s hard enough to reveal the criteria of disbelief. Ostensibly, disbelief seems to reject Allah, his messenger and the hereafter but a deeper look at the issue suggests otherwise. Thus, it is necessary to respond the very basic question that what are the theological criteria of Kufr [disbelief] in the light of the Shiite and Sunnite views and with emphasis on the Quranic verses and narrations.

Islamic rationality is known by great features and potentials. Had those potentials been developed, the Muslim community would have approached and attained its national unity and peaceful co-existence. To prove the very claim, the following points will be briefly put forth and explained: paying heed to the position and importance of contemplation in the view of Islam, the exclusive depth and breadth of Islamic rich heritage [Islamic rationality] and the dynamism of Islamic culture and civilization. The writer also points out the jeopardies and the decline process where Islamic rationality will be at stake. Thus, according to him it is a must to revitalize Islamic rationality in the contemporary world. With the revival and application of Islamic rationality with all its great features, the Muslims are expected to attain national unity and peaceful co-existence. The writer holds that national unity is the construction of Islamic rationality. Having an abstract approach and applying the method of content [conceptual] analysis, he discusses the entirety of Islamic community as a real cases study. Had it been substantiated that unity is based on rationality, the conclusion can be partially drawn and held true in Afghanistan as well.

Safeguarding the Quran from distortion is a subject matter of high significance. It is related to the basic and fundamental teachings of Islam. The enemies of Islam, both old and new, have always attempted to blatantly hatch conspiracies against Islam and Muslims. One of their main tactics is to put the authenticity of the Quran into question via imputing distortion to the Quran. To the author, it is of those research necessities at all times to seek out the views of the former and contemporary exegetes on the issue; so that everyone should be fully mobilized with awareness and knowledge about their fabricated doubts and their due responses. This article has studied protection of the Quran from distortion in the light of the 9th verse from chapter al-Hijr in the light of two famous exegeses: Mafatih al-Ghaib and al-Mizan. The writer, paying heed to Fakhr Razi’s and Allamah Tabatabai’s accounts, attempts to study the question from different angles.

There are many factors that direct and determine inheritance in Islam. Due to some impeding causes the heir will not entitled to inherit. What are the causes of inheritance and how Imamiyya and Hanafiyya jurists look at the issue, are two important questions that are going to be addressed in this article. First and foremost, the causes of inheritance, based on Imamiyya jurisprudence, are divided into two ‘relational’ and ‘causal’ categories. Each group has three sub-categories and based on the principle of ‘the nearer the better’, the inheritance will be distributed among them. The causal category includes the following sub-categories: marriage, the patron and the manumitted slave inherit from one another etc. The causes of inheritance according to Hanafiyya legal school are divided into three categories of: relationship, causal and freeing of slaves. Whosoever is included in either of the above-mentioned titles, will deserve to inherit the estates. The writer explains the four causes of inheritance in the light of Hanafiyya School. He has actually conducted a comparative study between the two jurisprudential schools highlighting the commonalities of the two.

Jurisprudence is of those branches of knowledge that have direct interaction with time and space and undergoes changes. Thus, there are two types of stable and changing jurisprudential rulings in Islam. The necessity of observing fast, prayers and going for pilgrimage of the first kind and thus is not subject to change. The Shiite and Sunnite jurists agree unanimously that considering the principles outlined in the Quran and Sunna, time and space can bring about changes in Islamic rulings. Therefore, the change of Islamic rulings in accordance with the change of time and space, is an important topic in the philosophy of jurisprudence. This paper studies the importance of this issue and accordingly puts forth new jurisprudential topics. Having a jurisprudential approach and applying a descriptive-analytical method in collecting the views of the Shiite and Sunnite prominent scholars on the impact of time and space in changing of the Islamic rulings, the writer evaluates those views in a comparative way and draws the following conclusion a) having a study and evaluation of the views developed by the Shiite and Hanafi jurists on the issue. B) Accepting the impact of time and space would reduce one’s prejudice in the sphere of legal verdicts. C) the values of jurisprudence will be explained.