فصلنامه فرهنگی - تربیتی زنان و خانواده
سال چهاردهم شماره 48 (پاییز 1398)

The purpose of this study was to examine domestic and international documents on women’s right to education. To this end, the 2030 National Document and the Fundamental Transformation Document of Education were studied using the comparative qualitative content analysis (theme analysis) method. One of the most important goals of education in Islam is public education, and women’s right to education has been recognized as one of the fundamental human rights in numerous international documents. The extent to which women benefit from educational opportunities in any country is considered one of the development features of that country, meaning that, similar to men, women have the right to free-of-charge education. Given the profound impact of educational programs on different societies and considering the issue that education and training of generations in a society is one of the governmental responsibilities, it is necessary for governments as the main stakeholders of the country's public interest to facilitate education among women and men by making and enforcing appropriate laws. The Islamic Republic of Iran has made good attempts to increase the literacy rate of women to 99% at the elementary level by making and enforcing numerous domestic laws, which indicates that the Islamic Republic of Iran correctly understands the important role of women and family in society. This research work mainly intended to explore the differences between the Islamic Republic of Iran’s 2030 National Document on Education and other domestic documents with respect to women’s right to education. The research findings reveal that although this document includes some positive points in regard to individuals’ right to education, it is not known how the conflicts between this document and some values ​​and upstream documents will be resolved.

The increase in the number of female graduates in recent years, the challenge of women's willingness to enter the job market and lack of job opportunities have highlighted the need to pay attention to skills training during the years of college education. The purpose of this study was to develop a conceptual model for the skills training of female students of Iranian universities based on the collective life experience of the experts in the field under study. This is a qualitative study carried out using a strategy based on grounded theory. The research data were collected through the purposeful sampling method, and the instrument was a semi-structured interview conducted with 20 university professors, entrepreneurs and female graduates. The collected data were analyzed using Nvivo qualitative software. The results of the data analysis consist of 16 general categories that fall within the paradigmatic model in the form of causal conditions (policy making, human resources, cultural resources), strategies (process reforms in laws and policies, process reforms in human resources, process reforms in goals and activities, input reforms in laws and policy making, input reforms in human resources, input reforms in goals, structural reforms), context (political and legal, cultural and social, economic and technological factors), intervening conditions (micro and macro factors influencing skills training) and outcomes (modification in economic and social outputs, modification in cultural outputs), which affect the focal  phenomenon of female college students’ skills training  and development of skills training model.

Religious rituals have always been practiced in all societies with specific beliefs and have had positive effects. This article aims to explore women's lived experience of the role of religious rituals in reducing family violence in three types of spouse selection. The method of study is qualitative with phenomenological approach. The statistical sample included the women residing in Kermanshah, Iran between 17-40 years old. The subjects were selected using the judgmental purposive sampling method. A semi-structured in-depth interview was used to collect the required data. The results of the interviews with 50 participants (emotional marriages: 13, satisfied regulated marriages: 18, and forced marriages: 19) were categorized. Five main themes were extracted from the data of this study: 1) women's experience of family violence against them, 2) women's response to violence against them, 3) women's feelings during religious rituals, 4) husbands’ reaction after religious rituals and 5) the effects of the ritual aspect of religion.

Evidence suggests that the total fertility rate in Iran has decreased from 7 children per woman in 1979 to 1.7 in 2006. This decline in fertility has taken place simultaneously in all geographical regions and reproductive age groups, and human population growth not only is not rising, but it is declining. The purpose of this article is to find out the determinants of sub-replacement fertility among Kurdish women in Sanandaj, Iran. The data were collected from 382 married women with husbands selected from a total population of 66996 individuals and analyzed. The sampling method was a combination of multi-stage, random and systematic random clustering methods. The results show that the total fertility rate is 2.07 children per woman. More than 90 percent of the respondents stated that having a child is an obstacle to their psycho-emotional self-protection and the enhancement of their social empowerment, and they had a strong tendency to reflective low childbearing. Also, the results of multivariate linear regression indicated that 34.6% of total female fertility changes were dependent on female fertility ideals, socio-economic status and gender inequality in the family institution. Among the variables that only had a direct effect on the dependent variable, women's fertility ideals had the highest effect (0.411%) on fertility, which means that the more the fertility ideals of women, the higher their fertility.

Every person has a set of criteria in mind when choosing a spouse, and it seems that such criteria are different among boys and girls. In this regard, choosing a spouse as the primary cornerstone of family formation is highly important. For this reason, it is necessary to study marriage and spouse selection criteria nowadays. This study aims at investigating the criteria for spouse selection in Iran. The method used in this study is meta-synthesis, which as one of the most efficient research methods makes it possible to structurally utilize the findings extracted from qualitative studies related to the subject under study to attain comprehensive and interpretive findings. For this reason, the results of the previous studies were analyzed, and the required data were collected from the years 1386 to 1396 and 2001 to 2018. Out of 122 articles, 45 articles were selected for analysis. The results of the study, based on the review of numerous articles and the criteria for spouse selection, resulted in 72 codes. Based on the frequency of the criteria, the following can be mentioned as the most important ones: decency, chastity, moral characteristics, education, faith and belief, good appearance and physical features, sufficient income, appropriate occupation, cultural fit of families, age and commitment for childbearing. By examining and integrating the initial findings and after moving between sub-domains, eight main areas of spouse selection were obtained: religious criteria, family criteria, economic criteria, physical and sexual criteria, socio-cultural criteria, personal criteria, psychological criteria and moral criteria.

Acceptance and commitment therapy is a third-generation behavioral therapy that seeks to enhance a person's psychological connection to his / her thoughts and feelings rather than to change cognitions. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of acceptance and commitment therapy on trust in interpersonal relationships and emotion control among married women. In a quasi-experimental intervention with pre-test, post-test and follow-up, 24 married women were selected through the available sampling method from among women with marital problems, who had referred to Kermanshah Relief Committee Counseling Center. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n ₌ 12). The research instruments were the Trust in Interpersonal Relationships Questionnaire and the Emotion Control Questionnaire. The experimental group received group-based acceptance and commitment therapy for ten sessions, but the control group received no treatment. After the end of treatment sessions, both groups took the post-test. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. According to the findings, group-based acceptance and commitment therapy was effective on trust in interpersonal relationships (P < 0.05) and emotion control (P < 0.05). The follow-up results after one month also indicated that there was a significant difference between experimental and control groups in trust in interpersonal relationships and emotion control (P < 0.05). Based on the results, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment therapy positively affects trust in interpersonal relationships and emotion control.

One way to judge economic development is to use the relevant index and using the index requires understanding how it is calculated and its implications. This article examines women's empowerment index. The studies carried out in Iran have not considered the fundamentals of this index and have not defined empowerment on the basis of the needs and culture of Iranian women. This study mainly aims at examining the relationship between the initial assumptions of the empowerment index and the analysis of this index. It further seeks to answer this question: ‘Is it possible to offer a universal definition of women's empowerment?’ An attempt has been made to answer this question through thematic analysis and thematic layer analysis and by examining the theoretical foundations of empowerment index in the comparative framework of feminist, neoclassical and Islamic economics. The purpose is to show empowerment assumptions lie within the context of which economic perspective and how researchers can be assisted to use and analyze this index. To this end, the assumptions equality, equality in outcomes or opportunities, academic equity, women's housework, men’s being breadwinner and the job equality of men and women have been identified and analyzed in defining this index. The most important result of this research is that women's empowerment index is based on Amartya Sen’s capability and functionality theory and feminist economics. This indicator is not universal and depends on the situation. Its theoretical foundations in the 1995 Human Development Report have some contradictions that can be resolved by Islamic justice.