مجله دراسات فی العلوم الانسانیه
سال بیست و ششم شماره 1 (ربیع 1441)

The protagonist characters in Tayeb Salih’s works are characterized by many features; the most notably Mustafa Saeed Osman which is the prominent and challenging one. He shows a completely different personality to the readers with his multidimensional characters. Putting these contradictory behaviors on the linguistic-semiotic course of research will help us draw a certain pattern of this protagonist and interpret his paradoxical behaviors based on the obtained pattern. Using this science in the analysis of Mustafa Saeed, it becomes clear that he is a representative of the dark world of the poor, with the author believing that one should not resort to revenge to free themselves from their current situations but must try, relying on his inborn talents and attempt to master the modern science, to change the status quo and turn it to a better world.

Nostalgia for sadness, regret and being away from one's home is impossible to return to the past. Past includes memories, childhood, historical periods of the homeland that is lost. Nostalgic glance is used in literary works for purposes such as restoring and strengthening national and religious identities, unity and creating a spirit of movement and motivation. The purpose of this study is to compare the nostalgic effects and its manifestations in the poems of Abdolkarim al-Karmi and Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi. The research is descriptive and analytical and has used qualitative content analysis relying on comparative method. The hypothesis is that the political and social conditions of Palestine and Iran during these two poets could provide the context, and requirement for attention to nostalgic effects in their lyrics. Reference to the Arab and Islamic identity, the nostalgia of homeland, childhood memories, names of the cities, villages and mountains of Palestine in al-Karmi and references of heroes and ancient figures, is a reminder of the glorious past in Yazdi’s works are the most significant nostalgia effects. And their main goal was identity, the revival of national sentiment and expansion of hope in the people and defenders of the homeland, against foreign enemies and domestic treacherous leaders, as well as sustainability and resistance.

This study examines the dialectical mechanism and absurdity, which have occupied the bulk of concerns of contemporary writers, thinkers and philosophers. Zakaria Tamer, who begins the song "Blue Coarse" with a philosophical vision interspersed with absurdity, realistic black criticism and rhetoric toward those influenced by materialism and machinations in this degenerate world where original values and ideals were lost. As such, the basic problem of the research is to determine the role of the text's semantics and its thresholds which help readers absorb the subject mentioned in "the Blue Coarse" to plot based on the theory of French critic Gerard Genette, who shows his critical experience of relations and transcendental transcripts in different ways. The most important findings of this study are based on the descriptive-analytical approach. The title and effectiveness of color, text, space, time, and the character in the semantic field based on the coding and displacement through metaphors, as receptive mechanisms, illustrates the ability of Tamer in the field of creativity and the reflection of absurdity that makes man depart from humanity and self-purity. Many of them seek to rebel the pressure and change the harsh conditions and others because of their sense of frustration and despair that are subject to surrender from the absurdity of life that is alienating, sinful or suicidal.

According to historical sources, socio-cultural conditions governing the post-Islamic society lacked moral foundations in the domain of rights, especially family rights. Now, if we claim that morality is the foundation of Islamic law, the claim for the signing of marriage contract and other legal institutions needs serious reflection, and cannot be in line with the current realities of the Islamic society. From this, one can only claim to have signed the form of this institution as a covenant and consider its related juridical bases and principles to be established by Tom. With the new readings based on its institutionalization and its acceptance give way to the innovation in judgments and provides the ability to adapt to time and place in the best possible manner in different periods. Accordingly, this research uses descriptive-analytical method and library tools to provide a new explanation of family through juridical and legal essence, contrary to the famous jurisprudential sayings and proves the institutionalization of marriage based on the two principles of ethic and chastity and considers marriage as institutionalized in terms of contract, principles, rules and behavioral nature.

Semantics deviation is one of the most important issues being abused in literary criticism. In this sense, the departure from the spoken language i.e. from the ordinary writing to the literary language is a poem full of linguistic and artistic wonders. Prominent writers and poets such as Badr Shaker, Adonis and others have always benefited from this aspect. One of the most important allegations that the meaning of de-awareness has been widely used and reflected in Alaslaha wa al-Atfal of Badr Shaker, a great, innovative and contemporary Iraqi poet. In this paper, the authors have adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to highlight the semantic descriptive aspects of the said phrases. This issue has been addressed through various ways and mechanisms such as simile, metaphor, genius, sense, and paradox. The results indicate that deafening of semantics has greatly influenced the creation of literary-poetic language. The general picture of the poem shows the encounter between the children's world and its strength, activity and vitality, and what evokes the heart of the pleasure that is satisfied amid the sound of fire, tanks and bullets. The poet represents the children's world with all skills, and paints the world free of tyrants.

The development of digital and online communication and information technologies that have led to the creation of personalized and proficient literary sites on the Internet and social networks are the beginning of a widespread dissemination of literary works in digital and cyberspace. "Virtual Literature" is used as a new literary theory that seeks to break down the format and content of traditional and written literature and create a new plan. After describing and understanding the realities of digital and cyberspace, this paper seeks to provide the necessary reasons for designing and expanding the definition of "virtual literary theory" based on scientific bases. The results of this study explain the Definition of virtual literature, origin and causes of the emergence of virtual literature, such as the increase of literary sites and channels, the examination of ordinary and non-professional individuals, and the multimedia content of virtual literature.