Journal of Skin and Stem Cell
Volume:6 Issue: 4, Dec 2019

This mini review aims to describe the main physicochemical properties and characteristics of cyclodextrin derivatives (CDs) having been used in various skin-related formulations over the last nearly 50 years. Due to many misunderstandings and inconsistent data on the Internet, the basic properties of CDs, water content, solubility properties, and maximum complexing capabilities are summarized. CDs are grouped by their solubility properties and briefly described by chemical synthesis to reveal the potential contaminants. Soluble and insoluble CD-based polymers are also discussed

Diabetes is considered a major health problem, mainly due to its various debilitating complications, including blindness, renal failure, heart attack, stroke, limb amputation, and even death in millions of patients per year. Skin manifestations of diabetes are common in everyday clinical practice but often remain neglected. This review aims to highlight the pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical picture of skin conditions, associated with diabetes mellitus.

 The skin manifestations of diabetes mellitus are related to blood glucose levels. Initially, glycemia affects skin homeostasis by inhibiting keratinocyte proliferation and phagocytosis and inducing endothelial cell apoptosis, while in later stages, the involvement of the peripheral nervous system and vascular changes (micro and macroangiopathy) become the leading pathogenetic factors.

There are different classifications of skin changes in diabetes, depending on the frequency, the onset, or the type of diabetes. The most convenient classification from the practical point of view subdivides cutaneous manifestations into four categories: (A) cutaneous manifestation specific to diabetes; (B) compatible dermatosis not specific to diabetes; (C) skin infection associated with diabetes; and (D) skin manifestation due to antidiabetic therapy.

Diabetes mellitus is associated with a wide range of dermatological disorders. Their recognition is important for the early diagnosis of diabetes and therefore might be helpful to reduce the complication rates.

Psoriasis patients have an increased risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) on transient elastography is more sensitive than abdominal ultrasonography in detecting liver steatosis.

To determine the prevalence of NAFLD in psoriasis and to identify its predisposing factors.

A cross-sectional study was performed involving 109 psoriasis patients aged > 18 years in two tertiary dermatology clinics in Kuala Lumpur. Patients on hepatotoxic drugs, had excessive alcohol intake, and other secondary causes of chronic liver diseases were excluded. Anthropometrics, blood pressure, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), liver function test, lipid profile, and fasting blood glucose were obtained. CAP on transient elastography was performed to diagnose NAFLD. The clinical characteristics of psoriasis patients were compared between patients with and without NAFLD.

The prevalence of NAFLD was 85.3%. NAFLD in psoriasis patients was associated with a higher weight (P < 0.0005), body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.0005), waist circumference (P < 0.0005), and metabolic syndrome (P = 0.002). Fasting blood glucose (5.3 [1.8] mmol/L, p=0.010), triglyceride (1.4 [0.8] mmol/L, P < 0.0005), and alanine transaminase (28.5 [26] U/L, P = 0.001) were higher in patients with NAFLD compared with those without it. PASI and systolic blood pressure correlated significantly with NAFLD severity. BMI (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.127 - 2.357, P = 0.009), triglyceride level (OR = 130.74, 95% CI = 2.94 - 812, P = 0.012), and PASI (OR = 1.138, 95% CI = 1.004 - 1.290, P = 0.043) were the significant predictors of NAFLD.

NAFLD should be screened in all psoriasis patients, especially in patients with high BMI, metabolic syndrome, and severe psoriasis, despite having a normal biochemical profile. Early detection of asymptomatic NAFLD is essential for preventive management, including to reduce hepatotoxicity risk of psoriasis pharmacotherapy.

Acne vulgaris is the most common inflammatory skin disease. It is primarily observed in adolescents and is characterized by comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts on the face, back, chest, chin, and body skin. Acne vulgaris affects about 80% of teenagers and continues beyond the age of 25 years in 3% of men and 12% of women in the world. Isotretinoin is one of the most common treatment agents for acne vulgaris, which causes oxidative DNA damage in the cell. As an important indicator of oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine is repaired with an enzyme called human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1).

We aimed to evaluate oxidative DNA damage in acne vulgaris before and after isotretinoin treatment by measuring the 8-OHdG and hOGG1 levels.

The 8-OHdG and hOGG1 levels were evaluated from serum samples using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Both the serum 8-OHdG (P < 0.05; P < 0.0001) and hOGG1 (P < 0.05; P = 0.04) levels were found to be statistically higher in the sixth month after isotretinoin treatment.

In this first report, the 8-OHdG and hOGG1 levels were found to be statistically significantly high after isotretinoin treatment. According to our results, the 8-OHdG level increased under isotretinoin administration in acne vulgaris patients.

Consequently, healing via hOGG1 likely continues after dropping isotretinoin for DNA

Multiple autoimmune syndrome (MAS) is a rare syndrome in which the patient is diagnosed with three or more autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune skin disorders, such as vitiligo, alopecia areata, lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, or dermatitis herpetiformis, often take part in MAS. The etiology of the syndrome is still unknown, but immunological, hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors possibly play a role.

A 63-year-old woman was admitted to our department with a rare combination of several autoimmune diseases, including vitiligo, autoimmune thyroiditis, and recently diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Although the immediate cause of her hospitalization was erysipelas of the left leg, type 3 MAS was suspected, based on the simultaneous presence of three autoimmune diseases. Type 3 MAS groups together conditions such as autoimmune thyroid disease, myasthenia gravis, thymoma, Sjögren's syndrome, pernicious anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Addison’s disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, vitiligo, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, and dermatitis herpetiformis. The only criterion that needed to be fulfilled in our case, to establish the diagnosis of type 3 MAS, was a specific subtype of diabetes, namely, late-onset autoimmune diabetes (LADA).

We presented a patient with possible type 3 MAS. Further investigations are needed for the diagnosis of LADA by a more precise serological examination of anti-IA and anti-GAD 65 antibodies

The present report aimed at describing an atypical presentation of a cutaneous transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) in a dog.

The case was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil, due to the presence of multiple ulcerated, crusty, and occasionally coalescing cutaneous nodules. The disease was first diagnosed by a practitioner 15 months before the referral to the UNESP Veterinary Hospital. Thus, the dog had already been subjected to the vincristine antineoplastic chemotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous TVT 15 months ago. As a diagnostic approach, cytological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. The patient was then subjected to antineoplastic chemotherapy based on vincristine, doxorubicin, and bleomycin protocols; nonetheless, it was not successful, and the patient passed away 16 months after the primary diagnosis of TVT.

TVT can be more aggressive than usually expected, and the correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment can reduce the risk of chemotherapy resistance