Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
Volume:8 Issue: 2, Spring 2020

Utilization of locally available industrial by-products in livestock feed is very important methods to enhance livestock productivity and minimize feed cost. The objective of this paper is to review the utilization of brewery by-product as a protein source feed for efficient animal production. Brewer’s by-products like brewers spent grain and brewers spent yeast are the major by-products produced by the brewing factory. They are produced all year round with the same volume and with simple cost and used as animal feed. These materials provide animals with high-quality protein (about 35% CP) and can improve feed quality and animal production. It can replace high-quality protein source feed such as soybean. The optimum contents of fibre and protein in brewer’s by-product together with the low cost of this by- product make it a substrate of great interest for use as livestock feed. Quality apprehension is the major things need attention when those by-products are given for animals since brewer’s grains are susceptible to bacterial and fungal contamination (mycotoxins) and care should be taken to feed only unspoilt brewers grains.

This study was conducted in South Gondar zone, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia with the objective of phenotypic characterization of indigenous goat population in South Gondar zone. The study was conducted based on visual observation and field measurements. The zone was stratified into highland, midland and lowland agro-ecology and then selected one district from each agro-ecology. Data for visual observation and body measurements were collected from a total of 603 goats (201 per agro-ecology) of both sexes which has one and above pair of permanent incisor (PPI). Observations on qualitative trait were analyzed by using frequency procedure of SPSS version 20 for male and female goat separately. Whereas, body weight and other linear body measurements were analyzed using the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS Ver.9.3 (2014). Correlation between body weight and other linear body measurements as well as REG procedure to regress body weight from linear body measurement for male and female goats were computed by SAS Ver.9.3 (2014). Most qualitative traits observed in the study area were significantly different and the most dominant coat color pattern was plain in all agro-ecology. White with red was the most frequent observed coat color type in the population. Whereas, white was the most frequent observed coat color in lowland agro-ecology of the zone. Agro-ecology and age group had highly significant (p<0.01) effect on body weight and most of linear body measurements except horn length, rump length, cannon bone length and head length for agro-ecology. Sex of goats had significant effect (p<0.05) on body weight and most of the body measurements except ear length, canon bone length, head length, and rump length. Most quantitative traits showed significantly higher average values in the lowland, than the rest two (highland and midland) agro-ecologies and most quantitative trait of goat population for male were significantly higher than the female one. Body weight was significantly correlated with all continuous traits of both male and female goats but higher in heart girth. As a result, the stepwise regressions revealed that heart girth was the most important variable in the prediction of live body weight. Generally the difference and similarities of indigenous goat in morphometric trait and adaptability should be supported by further study on characterization at molecular level under their production environments.

The study was conducted to assess production and reproduction performance of Simada cattle population in three districts of North-Western Ethiopia. Data were collected through semi- structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and field observations. A total of 180 households 60 from each district and 15 from each kebele were randomly selected to fill the structured questionnaire. Overall, average lactation length and milk production per cow per day was reported to be 8.67±1.062 months and 1.59 ± .17 liters, respectively. The overall age at which male first serve a female, age at first mating of female, age at first calving and calving interval of Simada cattle were estimated to be 38.56 ± 5.17, 45.60 ± 4.78, 57.74 ± 4.76 and 17.89 ±2.03 months, respectively. In general, from the current study it could be concluded that Simada cattle are the sole source of breeding and milk production in the study area, and they have potential for greater contribution through better feeding, health management and genetic improvement.

This study was conducted to evaluate nutritive value of grass species in Chaffe communally grazing area. According to the focus group discussion, three grass species ( Pennisetum clandestinum , Chloris gayana and Cynedem dactylon) were selected for chemical composition evaluation due to their preference for animals in this area. The variables recorded were dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL). Data on these values were subjected to the general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS statistical package and used Tukey test means comparison procedure to separate difference among species. As seen from this study, DM values were 95.09%, 94.23% and 95.11% for Pennisetum clandestinum Chloris gayana , and Cynedem dactylon, respectively and showed no variation among species (p> 0.05) . Current finding indicated 16.34%, 12.40% and 12.56% ash percentage for Pennisetum clandestinum, Chloris gayana and Cynedem dactylon, respectively and seen variation (p< 0.05) among species . It was also seen from current finding that CP values obtained 13.03% , 9.21 % and 8.01 % for Pennisetum clandestinum Chloris gayana and Cynedem dactylon, respectively were significantly different (p<0.05) among three grass species . Similarly, fiber contents (NDF 57.23%, 66.06% and 62.34% for Pennisetum clandestinum Chloris gayana and Cynedem dactylon, respectively; ADF 26.33%, 32.27% and 33.41% for Pennisetum clandestinum Chloris gayana and Cynedem dactylon, respectively and ADL 4.43%, 6.18% and 6.32% for Pennisetum clandestinum Chloris gayana and Cynedem dactylon, respectively) indicated significant variation (p<0.05) among grass species. However, Pennisetum clandestinum showed better quality among selected three grass species; according to standard the present study revealed high levels of detergent fibers for all three selected native grasses used mainly as forage for livestock in this area. So, this indicates need of improved forage and supplementary feed for livestock reared in this area to obtain better production for farmers from their animals.

This study was conducted to assess institutional structure, perception and administration of Artificial insemination and identify the problems associated with AI in Adea Berga, Ejerie and Metarobi districts. The study was undertaken using questionnaire-based survey and a participatory group discussion method. A total of 180 households were participated in the interview. A Structured questionnaire was used to describe qualitative and quantitative traits. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Frequency distribution procedures were used for statistical analysis of survey. From the result of the study about 74.8% of AI was handled by government-based AI delivery system. Similarly, 16.5% of AI service was given by private practitioners. About 95.5% of the respondents had an opportunity to access currently existing AI service. However, about 57.47% of the respondents were not satisfied with the existing AI service. Regarding AI service about 90.45% of dairy farmers were get AI service with interruption from current delivery system. Among these 94.94% of the respondents were not get AI service during weekends and Holiday. The survey shows us about 96.83% of the respondents were used Holstein Friesian for cross breeding and also Holstein Friesian breed was the most preferred breed for cross breeding. In case artificial inseminators were too late at the time of estrus sign about 47.13%, 46% and 2.30% of dairy farmers were reject the service and wait for another 21 days, use natural mating and get AI service in any way to their cows respectively. About 61.87% of respondents reported that the failure of insemination was occurred with different frequency. The failure of insemination could be expressed interms of frequency as 38.13%, 24.44%, 20% and 16.67% of respondents at once, twice, three time and more than four times respectively. Difficulty in heat detection was the first major reason for failure of AI in the study area. In addition to the above absence of AI technician was the second while inefficient technician and far distance of AI center for breeding were the third important reasons failure of artificial insemination. In connection with the price about 97.48% the respondents were wanted to increase the price with quality AI service.

Anaplasmosis is a vector-borne zoonotic infection which affects different domestic and wild species. The data for the distribution of the disease in stray dogs from different parts of Bulgaria is fragmentary. The purpose of the study is to introduce the results of the serological examination of 293 stray dogs from western Bulgaria (Sofia region). Thirty-seven of them (12.63%) were positive for specific antibodies determined through rapid chromatographic immunoassay. Based on the current results we can conclude that canine Anaplasmosis is endemic in the area of Sofia, Bulgaria

The objective of this study was to study the effects of short periods of incubation during egg storage (SPIDES) of late DeKalb breeder, age and storage period on the hatchability, embryo mortality and chick quality. A total of 810 fertile eggs were randomly selected and allocated into three groups (270 eggs each). Each group was distributed in a 3 x 3 x 3 factorial experiment in a complete randomized design with three warming treatments (0, 60 and 120 minutes daily at 37.5○ C and 53% RH), age (75, 80, and 85 weeks) and three storage periods (4, 9 and 14 days 18○ C and 75%). Each treatment was replicated three times with ten eggs each. Fertility and hatchability of both fertile and total eggs were determined. Embryo mortality was determined in non-hatched eggs. All hatched chicks were weighed and graded to first or second grade chick. Results indicated that SPIDES for 60 minutes significantly improved the hatchability, reduced early dead embryos and total unhatched eggs and chick quality as compared to non-heated eggs or SPIDES for 120 minutes. The obtained results indicated that the daily SPIDES for 60 minutes significantly (P ≤ 0.01) reduced embryonic mortality during the three incubation periods. The lower embryonic mortality was observed for 75 week old breeders and for eggs stored for 4 days. Moreover, SPIDES eggs for 60 minutes significantly (P ≤ 0.01) improved hatchability and chick quality percentages. Also the best hatchability and chick quality percentages were observed for the breeder of 75 week of age. Eggs stored for 4 days reported the best hatchability and chick quality percentages. In conclusion, daily SPIDES of late DeKalb breeder hatching eggs for 60 minutes at 37.5° C and 53% RH could be used by the poultry industry as a method to improve hatchability and increased the number of saleable first grade chicks which by far increases profits of eggs stored for longer periods.

Three final hybrid strain of chicken were evaluated for production performance under typical floor housing system in Jimma, Ethiopia. One hundred fifty of each of Dominant Sussex, Lohman Brown and Novo Brown breed of day-old chicks obtained from DebreZeitAgriculture Research center was placed at Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine (JUCAVM) brooder house on standard commercial starter’s ration in completely randomized design with three replicates. At the end of the brooding period, each group was transferred to growers and layer’s house and switched to standard growers and layer’s ration at an age of 8 and 20 weeks, respectively. Finally all the data collected on performance of the experimental breeds of chickens were subjected to statistical analysis to test the breeds’ performance under Jimma condition. The results obtained showed that the mean daily body weight gain (BWG) recorded from Novo Brown and Dominant Sussex breeds of chicks during brooding period were significantly higher (P<0.05) than Lohman Brown. Mean live weight of 573g/head was attained by Novo Brown and Dominant Sussex chicks at an age of two months, the value of which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of Lohman Brown. Moreover, Novo Brown growers had significantly higher mean weekly BWG than the other two breeds (P<0.05), followed by Dominant Sussex. All the three breeds tested, performed better during the brooding period than during the rearing period in terms of feed conversion ratio (FCR). Novo Brown breed of chicks consumed less feed and brought significantly higher mean daily BWG both during brooding and rearing periods (P<0.05) compared to the others, indicating that Novo Brown was superior to the other two breeds in FCR. Mortality from hatching to 2 months of age (8%) was higher for Dominant Sussex, compared to 1.3% of mortality recorded from each of the other two breeds.Mortality rate from 9 to 20 weeks of age was higher for Dominant Sussex than for the other two breeds.There was no significant differences (P>0.05) among the three breeds tested in age at the first egg. The hen day egg production rate and egg weight of Dominant Sussex was better than other two breeds.In summary, the results of this experiment indicated that the Novo Brown breed of chicken performed better than Dominant Sussex and Lohman Brown breeds of chickens under Jimma condition in most of the economically important production traits studied.