مجله دراسات فی العلوم الانسانیه
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 4 (شتاء 1442)

An ever-increasing trend of international migration of educated and skilled Iranian women over the past years has been one of the policy challenges and requires a comprehensive pathological study. The current research seeks to investigate the effects of the unbridled expansion of higher education in accelerating the migration of skilled women abroad. This is a qualitative study where the data is based on 24 semi-structured interviews with women PhD holders who are intentionally want to go abroad to pursue their studies or career.  A set of factors at two micro levels such as the requirements of the individual’s social environment along with effective factors at the macro level lack like the role of telecommunication especially internet and likewise level of welfare and educational and living standard of industrialized countries, gender inequality in accessing available opportunities, The dominance of quantum in promoting university institutions, the slight growth of higher education and imbalance with the needs and capacity of the labor market reinforce the fantasy of migration and the overflow of talents into a fantasy world called "foreign". A review of policies of the Ministry of Education and Universities and coherent planning in order to direct social demands to the needs of the labor market, focus more on research instead of training of academic departments, cultivate specialized and committed manpower, strengthen cooperation are required in order to creating a fertile and safe scientific environment for young professionals and trying to reduce gender gaps which will slow the migration of educated women.

In the city of Esfarayn, for the first time coins were minted during the Ilkhanid era. The aim of the current study is to examine the form and content of inscriptions on those coins and seek answer to the following questions: What are the motives of engraving on Esfarayn coins of the Ilkhani period? What meanings the inscriptions of Ilkhanid coins contain with? The research method applied here is historical, descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of the study is 42 coins minted in Esfarayn. The results show that the Ilkhanids designed a variety of designs such as pentagonal, hexagonal and octagonal stars, circle, mandala, multicolored flowers, clover flowers, circle, borders and horseman for coins. Calligraphic changes with Arabic, Persian, Uyghur, Chinese scripts and motifs multiplied on Esfarayn coins, with the appointment and removal of Ilkhan. Despite religious beliefs of Shamanism, Buddhism, Christianity and Jews, they established religious tolerance in the political arena of Iran by accepting Islam. In addition to Islamic rituals, they could also reflect their own religious rituals on the coins bearing cultural messages. The differentiation of Mongolian rulers from the Iranian people and their religious and governmental policies reflects most changes in terms of themes and contents reflecting on the coins that have been studied in three periods altogether.

Incubation with an acceleration approach results in promoting the interests of academic entrepreneurs, employment, transfer of knowledge and technology, creating sustainable organization, new businesses, social benefits, improving business survival rates, accelerating business creation, fostering innovation, entrepreneurship and economic development of the country. However, few studies have examined the causes that influence such consequences. This survey and applied research aims to study and identify factors affecting the outcomes of incubation with acceleration approach and the role of networking, financial support as well as technical facilities in this regard were assessed. The required data collected through a questionnaire from a sample of 45 managers and staff of 15 academic incubators in Tehran province and the data analysis was performed through correlation and regression methods. Research findings indicate that three variables of networking, finance and technical facilities have positive effects on incubation outcomes in academic incubators. In addition, the adjusted coefficient of determination indicates that these three variables account for 0.53 variations in incubation outcomes.

According to experts, reforms in Saudi Arabia since 1991 have been significant and ongoing due to their specific course and direction, as well as the presence of supporting forces that make it necessary to refer it as a “trend”. The Future Reforms in the kingdom under Vision 2030 will also be directly affected by such forces. As such, the main questions in this article are: What are the important and influential propellants of Saudi Vision 2030? What is the ranking of these propellants and their relationship with reforms? To respond to these questions, 16 drivers were extracted and their importance and uncertainty were determined in the Delphi stage. Subsequently, with the help of Wilson Matrix, key and important drivers of the scenario were identified and by interviewing 17 experts, the relevance of each of these drivers for the future of reform in the country was determined. The findings show that the drivers such as "western demands and pressures ", "efforts to legitimize governance”, “Saudi regional competitions" and "conflict of political elites" are important for future Saudi reforms. The research method applied in this study is descriptive-explanatory and analytical and data gathering is based on library and combined interviews with experts.

Hanna Minechr('39')s novel "Al-Shams phi Yaum Ghaem" depicts the real images of the authorchr('39')s society and expresses a kind of social critique such as the conflict between existing tradition and modernism.This is a stimulus for rebellion against the current state of the writerchr('39')s society. The linguistic tools of the context create coherence between the context and the characters of the story on the one hand and the events and the two elements of time and emotion in this novel on the other. Through linguistic styles and rhetorical motives, these tools play an important role in expressing the narratorchr('39')s wishes and desires, such as opposition to petrification, ignorance, and class differences. To this end, the present study, based on the descriptive-analytical method, explains the role of internal contextual tools in the novel. The results show that the authority of this linguistic method is persuasive, and the author uses them to critique the characters, events, and classes in the society. Its related meanings link the beginning of the story to its dark end and depict the sorrow and ignorance of society. The author uses contradiction, repetition, and inquiry in the form of reprimanding and condensing in order to force people to protest and to draw the dichotomies of their society; it is, as if the whole color of the story is dominated by the color gray, without the story achieving its desired result, which is reform and change.

Alienation is an inner feeling caused in individuals resulted from anxiety and stress in social, political, and economic circumstances. Alienation emerges with feelings such as anger, worry, disappointment, fiasco, and solitude resulting in behaviors such as norm-breaking, revolt or isolationism. This phenomenon is also proposed in literature like other sciences especially because poets and writers are mostly considered as among thinkers and intellectuals of every society. With a descriptive-analytic approach, this research tries to reveal and explain types of alienation in the poetry of Ghada al-Samman, a Syrian contemporary poet. Ghada al-Samman, due to some incidents such as her mother’s death in childhood, divorce and emotional failure, social bottlenecks, identity crisis due to the 1967 defeat, being far from home in Europe and familiar with feminist thought experienced alienation which is well reflected in her poems. The results of this study also indicate types of alienation including local, emotional, social, and political in poet’s works. In addition, the results also found that she applied two mechanisms while confronting with such circumstances namely, return to the past and imagination.