نشریه مطالعات مردم شناختی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، تابستان 1399)

Archaeogentics is an interdisciplinary field of research that has a key role in resolving some old problems that have been studied by researchers for a long time, especially by those ones that are focused on archaeology. While this new field of research is well established in developed societies and its potentials are promising for opening new windows of knowledge before human eyes, in our society, like other under developed countries, most researchers are not well aware of its abilities and potentials. Hence this paper tried to briefly introduce the field of archaeogenetic and exemplify some of key questions of prehistory of Iran that can be addressed by this new technique.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of socio-cultural factors on water consumption. Statistical population of this study was the citizens of Tehran in less than 6 buildings in district 5 of Tehran and according to the Regional Water Statistics, there are about 4,000 households. Of these, 212 households were selected randomly based on Cochran sampling and through the questionnaire, the necessary information was collected. The research method was quantitative and it has been tried to test the model based on the theoretical framework of research using multivariate structural equation modeling. The theoretical framework of research is Bourdieuchr('39')s theory of cultural and social capital types. Based on the final result of the paper and the multivariate test, between the independent variables (household dimension, age, gender, time at home, individual education, household income and household items) and the dependent variable (water consumption) household dimension variables and household income had a significant effect on water consumption. However, the effect of age, sex, time of home stay, education, and home appliances on water consumption was not significant.

Tourism is a phenomenon belonging to the modern times and generally refers to anything related to travel, but the idea of modern tourism first appeared in the eighteenth century in England. This coincided with a time when values and customs were changing in the country as the Industrial Revolution began; however, travel or excursions still require financial means. Accordingly, tourism in todaychr('39')s world is considered a clean industry and is the third dynamic, thriving and developing economic phenomenon that compared to other global industries has developed more and is considered to be in the third place after oil and automotive industries, but parts of our country remains unknown for us, Iranians. Sometimes we hear the names of some places of interest from foreigners or see them from satellite sites and networks. Sometimes we discover some new places that foreign explorers have already discovered and written about, but it is the duty of the officials of the tourism organization and perhaps the task of the universities of each province to identify the provincial capabilities and set up a suitable plan for it by setting up research institutes. It is safe to say that no country has a variety of climatic, geographical, ethnic, linguistic and musical, local dances and sounds and melodies, like Iran. The method used in this article is applied in nature and is descriptive-analytical. Therefore, in this article, in addition to the definition of tourism, the factors affecting tourism, the importance of tourism, approaches to tourism development, types of tourism, tourism infrastructure and barriers to tourism are discussed.

Shab-e-Yalda (Yalda Night) also known as Shab-e Chelleh is annually celebrated on December 21st by Iranians all around the world. The origin of this occasion is a controversial issue. Some believe it goes back to Zoroastrian feasts and others attributed it to Iranian Mithraism. The evidence these scholars refer could not be considered as a strong evidence, rather they are actually hypotheses in need of more attestations to be proved. This research aimed to survey these two-view point and find a reasonable framework to explain the origin of Yalda-night. Based on living heritage of Iranian small cities and villages, especially in west, north-west and central area, segments of a narrative on death and revival of earth, from winter solstice to around forty days after that can be identified. This narrative belongs mostly to farmers. They believe on the winter solstice the earth stops breathing. After forty days of the beginning of winter or several days more, the earth breathing begins covertly, and little by little the obvious breath of the earth can be sensed. Therefore, it seems the feast and customs of Yalda Night is related to the narrative that interprets the death and revival of the earth, and can be as old as agriculture.

The archeology of the modern period, studying the features of the modern world, becomes more extensive and adds to the subjects of research, the scope of geography and its methodological necessities. This article first identifies the basic structures of this approach by looking at the archeology of the new period and then, with a preliminary statement of the historical conditions of Iran in the modern period, discusses its value for historical and ethnoarchaeological studies in the country. The method of this article is documentative. The study of the material culture of the modern period in Iran (with the exception of what is the subject of study by scholars of art history) has little history; accordingly, limited archaeological research of the new period in Iran has not yet been studied. The interdisciplinarity of the above approach makes it possible to study some other types of activities as a study in the material culture of the modern era. In particular, ethnoarchaeology and historical archaeology have provided valuable experience for research in the late period, which can be a good model for the study of material culture in the future.