نشریه سوخت و ساز و فعالیت ورزشی
سال نهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1398)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of aerobic or resistance training on the serum levels of NF-kB, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, and insulin resistance index in type2 diabetic women.

Participants were 45 volunteer women with type 2 diabetes who randomly assigned into three groups of 15: aerobic, resistance, and control. The exercises performed three times a week for eight weeks. The resistance training consisted of 8-12 repetitions with 60-70% of 1RM, and the aerobic training consisted of 30-50 minutes of running on the treadmill with 65-75% of maximum heart rate. Before and after the intervention, the levels of NF-kB, lipid profile, blood glucose and insulin resistance index were measured.

Eight weeks of aerobic and resistance training had no significant effect on NF-kB levels. However, both training methods significantly reduced the insulin resistance index, fasting blood glucose, LDL levels, and increased HDL levels. The levels of triglycerides were significantly reduced only after the aerobic training. There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of aerobic and resistance training in improvements of the insulin resistance index, blood glucose, LDL and HDL levels.

Eight weeks of aerobic training with 65-75% of the maximum heart rate or resistance training with 60-70% of 1RM can lead to reducing insulin resistance and blood sugar level, and improvement of lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes, without significant effect on NF-kB levels. There is no difference in positive effects of these training methods.

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of L-Arginine supplementation on fat and carbohydrate metabolism during high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in overweight individuals.

Ten male overweight students performed two HIIE trials including 10 intervals of 3 min encompassed 1 min running at 100% of vVO2max and 2 min active recovery at 40% of vVO2max. In each session subjects consumed either supplement or placebo 90 min prior to exercise. Before and after supplementation and immediately after exercise glucose, insulin, non-esterified free fatty acid (NEFA) and triglyceride were measured. Oxygen consumption and exhaled carbon dioxide were collected to calculate fat and carbohydrate oxidation.

There were no significant differences between two trials for glucose, insulin, NEFA, triglyceride and fat oxidation (P>0.05). However, carbohydrate oxidation rate was significantly different between two sessions (p < 0.05). In addition, glucose and carbohydrate oxidation were significantly increased following HIIE irrespective of L-Arginine supplementation (p < 0.05).

Based on the findings of present study it could be concluded that L-Arginine supplementation leads to increases in carbohydrate oxidation during HIIE in overweight men, but has no effect on resting at metabolism.

Myostatin, its inhibitor follistatin have been proposed as factors that could potentially modify biological aging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks elastic-band resistance training on myostatin, follistatin levels in elderly women with osteosarcopenic obesity.

In this randomized, single blind randomized clinical trial, 48 elderly women with osteosarcopenic obesity (based on the results of the DEXA test, age 64.63 ± 3.68 (years), fat percentage 45.4 ± 6.6 (%), BMI 33.1 ± 3.71 (kg/m2), T score of bone minerals density of femur and 1-4 lumbar spine -1.86 ± 1.42) were randomly divided to control (n = 22) and exercise (n = 26). The training group performed 12 weeks and three sessions a week elastic-band resistance training for all major muscle groups. 48 hours before and after 12 weeks of intervention, blood sampling intervention was performed. Paired-sample t-test was used for intra-group comparisons and Ancova was used for comparison between groups.

The between groups comparison showed the a mount of significant difference in Follistatin (P=0.002) in training group, weight (P = 0.001), fat percentage (P = 0.001) increased and the ratio of follystatin to myostatin (P = 0.018) decreasedsignificantly.incontrol groups. However, there were no significant difference in body mass index (P = 0.054), myostatin (P=0.095) between groups.

Resistance training with elastic band seems to be an appropriate exercise strategy that can improve body composition and muscle mass in elderly people with osteosarcopenic obesity by modulating follistatin and myostatin levels.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of eight weeks moderate-intensity endurance training on hypocampic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) receptor gene expression in the rats with hippocampal degeneration model. In this experiment, twenty four mature Sprague-dawley male rats were subjected to Alzheimer’s disease through intraperitoneally injection of 8 mg/kg Trimethytin (TMT) and then were divided into (1) Alzheimer-infected control group, (2) endurance training, and (3) sham to study the impact of the disease on the variables. Sixteen healthy rats were assigned to the control group that eight rats sacrifice at first week and eight rats sacrifice at last week. The rats in the endurance training group ran on a rat treadmill with the speed of 15 to 20 meters per minute for 15 to 30 minutes in each session, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. To analyze the results of the tests, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were run using SPSS The results revealed that induction of Alzheimer’s disease by TMT decreases the BDNF and TrkB receptor gene expression in rats. The results, also indicated that there were no significant differences in hypocampic BDNF and TrkB receptor gene expression between endurance training group and sham group. According to the study results, it seems that endurance training with specific intensity and duration utilized in this study had not significant effect on changes of hypocampic BDNF and TrkB receptor gene expression in the rats with hippocampal degeneration model.

A main reason of death in diabetes is cardiovascular diseases, which apoptosis plays a critical role through the progress. As known, body exercises can avoid damaging effects of apoptosis on human heart. This study is investigating the effects of resistance exercises in a period of 8 weeks on cardiomyocyte apoptosis status in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.. 20 male wistar rats with age of 8 weeks and 210-250 g weight randomly allocated into two groups. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg) in diabetic groups. The resistance training carried out a step ladder, load of 30-100 percentage of weight whereas control group remained sedentary. Measuring training adaptations blood and heart tissue samples were taken bout The level of the serum glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index, and gene expression levels Bcl-2,Bax,caspase8 and the ratio of bax/ Bcl-2 were assessed. Implementation of 8 weeks of resistance exercise resulted significant decrease in gene expression levels Bax and the ratio of bax/ Bcl-2 (p=0/000)and a significant increase in Bcl-2(p=0/000) and caspase 8 (p=0/004) compare with control group in diabetic rats. The results show that resistance exercise may be used as a non‐pharmacological strategy to reduce the diabetes‐induced apoptosis in the heart in diabetes disease. Keyword:Type 2 diabetes,apoptosis,resistance exercise, gene expression

Obesity is known as an inflammatory systemic indicator of various diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of progressive resistance exercise on serum levels of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase in obese men.

Forty sedentary obese men (BMI=31.07 kg.m2) with age range of 30-45 years were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of 20 participants: progressive resistance exercise and control. The exercise protocol for 12 weeks, was carried out three times a week (First week:15 repetitions -2 rounds -50% 1RM; Twelfth week:12 repetitions -3 rounds -80% 1RM). Blood samples were taken before and 24 hours after the last training session to determine serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase. Data were analyzed using independent and dependent t-test at a significance level of α=0.05.

The results showed that 12 weeks of progressive resistance training has significant effect on between group changes of aspartate aminotransferase(p=0.003), alkaline phosphatase (p=0.014), alanine aminotransferase(p=0.040) and the ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase(p=0.006) in sedentary obese men. Significant between group changes were observed in muscle strength(p=0.001) and body fat percentage(p=0.038). Progressive resistance training is likely to reduce the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase in the blood of obese obese men by improving body composition, muscle strength, and oxygen consumption.

Progressive resistance training, possibly with improved body composition and muscle strength, can decrease the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase in sedentary obese men.