Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
Volume:9 Issue: 2, Spring 2021

Rice bran has not been used as a common ingredient of poultry rations because of limiting factors, hence, the study. Two hundred and forty 21-day-old Abor Acre plus chicks were randomly allotted to six diets with varying levels of rice bran (RB) (100, 200, and 300 g/kg) without (0g/kg) or with Ronozyme® WX (25g/kg) supplementation to assay the effect on apparent and true ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility coefficients using a regression approach in a 2x3 factorial arrangement using a randomized complete block design. Each treatment had 5 replicates with 8 birds each. On d 26 (5thday of treatment feeding), digesta was sampled for amino acid assay following standard procedure. Data were analyzed using a general linear model at α0.05. Rice bran at 10% for the essential amino acids with enzyme was significantly higher but compared with concentrations of RB at 10% and 20% without enzyme. No observed significant differences among the true ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients except lysine (10% RB) without enzyme (0.91) which was significantly higher than 20% RB with enzyme (0.84) but similar to other treatments.Rice bran with enzyme had a significant (P<0.05) interactive effect on the apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of arginine, histidine, isoleucine methionine, and phenylalanine. When RB was supplemented with enzyme, a significant (P<0.05) interactive effect on true ileal digestibility coefficients of arginine and methionine was observed. The slopes of the regression lines ranged from 0.77 (arginine) to 0.98 (phenylalanine). In conclusion, the inclusion of 10% and 20% rice bran supplemented with Ronozyme® WX improved the methionine and lysine content

The study aimed evaluation of egg quality from the exotic and local chicken farm gate and market in lume district Oromia region, Ethiopia. A total of 120 eggs from local and exotic chicken were collected, 60 local eggs from farm gate and market (30 eggs from three kebele farm gate and 30 eggs from three market place) and 60 exotic eggs from farm gate and market (30 eggs from three kebele farm gate and 30 eggs from three market place). There was a significant difference (p>0.05) in eggshell thickness among the two genotypes and the two management systems. The result in mm was (0.32 and 0.32) of from market and exotic higher than local and farm gate (0.30 and 0.29), respectively. The result obtained of Hough unit from farm gate (79.6), exotic (77.3), local (76.6) significantly difference at (p<0.05) from the market (74.3). Yolk index was an egg from farm gate (0.44) and exotic (0.43) significantly difference at (p<0.05) from, local (0.42) and from the market (0.40). Egg weight was significantly and positively correlated (P<0.05) with most of other external egg quality traits like; egg weight with egg length, egg weight with egg width (breadth), egg length with and egg width (breadth). A phenotypic correlation between internal and external egg quality traits statistically significant positive correlation (P<0.05) was observed in between egg length with yolk height, egg width (breath) with yolk height, egg width (breath) with yolk diameter, yolk index with Haugh unit and yolk index with yolk height. In all egg from market and exotic higher mean value in egg weight, shape index, shell thickness whereas egg from local, exotic, farm gate higher mean value Hough unit.

Structural measurements are indictors of animal performance, productivity and carcass characteristics. This study was conducted with the objectives of assessing structural measurements, developing body weight predictions, and developing structural indices for cows of the Arsi breed. The cows were purchased from the highland and lowland agro-ecologies of the Arsi and East Shoa zones of Oromia and kept in the Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Center (ATARC) for breeding purposes. A total of 222 cows were included in the structural traits measurement. Thirty-four young heifers were also considered in the study. Twenty-two structural traits were considered during the observational survey. The structural index was calculated from the phenotypically correlated linear measurements. The observed average values of height at wither, chest depth, heart girth, body length, pelvic width, cannon bone circumferences of the cows were 107, 55.62, 141.06, 117.82, 31.41 and 13.58cm, respectively. Heart girth (0.82), flank girth (0.73), hook circumferences (0.67), chest depth (0.65) and height at rump (0.64) were highly correlated (P< 0.01) to the body weight of the cows. Regression analysis indicated that hearth girth had the highest coefficient of determination for the body weight of the cows and heifers. Accordingly, the simple linear equations were developed to predict the body weight of cows and heifers. The body weight of an Arsi cow (y)=-221.005 + 3.1 (heart girth) and the body weight of an Arsi heifer (y) =-188.452 + 2.75 (heart girth). Based on this, the measuring chart tape can be developed to estimate the body weight of Arsi cows and heifers at field condition where there is no access to weighing scales.

The study was carried out in Simada and Lay- Gayint districts of South Gonder Zone. The objectives were to describe and phenotypically characterize indigenous sheep populations in the study area. The body measurements were taken from 400 (280 females, 120 males) sheep. The majority of coat colour pattern of Simada sheep was plain (57%), with the most frequently observed coat color type being light red. Similarly, 67% of the Lay-Gayint sheep had plain coat color pattern. Majority of Simada and Lay Gayint sheep has short fat tailed and the tail was cylindrical withcurved tip at the end. Average estimated body weight, heart girth, wither height and body length for Simada adult male sheep were 27.45±0.18kg, 77.95±0.28 cm, 66.83±0.30cm, and 58.63±0.15cm, respectively. While that for female sheep of the same district was 24.59±0.13kg, 74.60±0.18 cm, 65.64±0.22 cm and 57.47±0.17cm. Age of sheep had significant (p<0.01) effect on body weight and many of the linear body measurements. In conclusion, the present morphometric information could aid future decision on the management, conservation and improvement of the indigenous sheep genetic resources and provide preliminary information for further research, either genotypic or molecular level characterization of sheep, which would be undertaken to investigate characteristic of the sheep type and estimate its genetic potential.

Main and reciprocal crossbred cocks from a population of 531 day-old chicks were used to study heritability of semen volume (SV), sperm motility (SM), sperm concentration (SC) and live sperm (SP) at 36 and 40 weeks of age. Analysis of variance was performed for unbalanced nested design. The analysis yielded variance components of sire ( ), dam ( ) and sire plus dam ( ), and heritability (h2) of the traits was estimated therefrom. The estimates ranged from 1.33 to 0.02 and 1.481 to 0.03; 1.48 to 0.10 and 0.96 to 0.08; 0.97 to 0.12 and 0.89 to 0.04 at 36 and 40 weeks for SV, SM, SC and LS, respectively. Estimates from , and ranged from 1.48 to 0.02, 1.04 to 0.03 and 0.85 to 0.06 ; 1.10 to 0.04, 1.21 to 0.18 and 0.90 to 0.05; 0.96 to 0.09, 1.48 to 0.01and 0.76 to 0.10; 0.97 to 0.04, 0.89 to 0.12 and 0.69 to 0.08 for the four traits, respectively. Large additive genetic variances existed for most of the semen quality traits, especially the live sperm from sire and sire plus dam variance components of the reciprocal crosses at 40 weeks. These traits were highly heritable and could be improved by individual selection.

The study was conducted in the West Hararghe Zone of Oromia Regional State to assess raw camel milk marketing and to determine the microbial quality of raw camels’ milk. The research was conducted during the period of 2019-2020 using two potential districts (Mieso and Bordede). A total of 6 potential kebels were selected purposively. From each kebele 20 respondents (a total of 120 respondents) who have a lactating camel and produce milk were selected randomly from the total households. In the current study, pastoralists practice an informal marketing system where they sell their milk to neighbors or the local market. Majorities of respondents in Bordede (60%) did not sell milk but in Mieso district majority of respondents’ sales (58.33%), milk was mainly to individual household consumers. The channel of marketing is majorly direct in which milk producers sold the milk to customers directly by themselves. The mean average price per liter in the wet season was 19.92±0.282, 14.63±0.690.ETB and in dry season 24.7917±0.51, 23.3051±2.28 in Bordede and Mieso respectively. The price of camel milk varies mainly based on season, milk demand and supply around the study area. The majority of respondents in this study select the marketplace based on the price of milk per litter. Long-distance to market, high cost of transport, an insufficient amount of milk produced, and spoilage were the reasons of the producers for not selling fresh whole milk both in Bordede and Mieso district. The overall mean TBC and CC of raw camel milk samples was 5.85 ± 0.15 and 4.32±0.69 log CFU/ml, respectively. The present study showed that the quality of milk produced in the study area was poor. In general, camel milk production was practiced mostly based on traditional types and the microbiological quality of milk produced by pastoralists was poor and this calls for rigorous hygienic measures to improve microbial quality of milk. Hence, adequate sanitary measures should be taken at all stages from production to consumption.

A survey was conducted in 23 selected communities in the Tamale metropolis to identify various health and disease management practices employed by local duck farmers. Snowball sampling technique was used to select the various communities while purposive sampling technique was used to identify duck farmers within the communities. Primary data was obtained using semi-structured questionnaires administered to 91 duck farmers and was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results of the survey showed that majority (69.2%) of the farmers adopted biosecurity measures whiles 30.8% adopted no biosecurity measures. The majority of the farmers (64.8%) practiced a semi-intensive management system. In terms of various biosecurity measures carried out by farmers, 9.5% ensured good hygiene whereas 17.5% practiced culling and slaughtering of sick ducks to avert possible transmission of infections. Additionally, 28.6% of the farmers provided water and fed regularly to their ducks. Some farmers (11.1%) protected their ducks from predator’s whiles control of ticks was carried out by 3.2%. Few farmers (9.5%) provided shelter to ducklings whiles 20.6% provided prophylactic treatment to ducks. Few farmers (4.4%) follow vaccination schedules whiles 95.6% do not. Modern treatment was practiced by 31.9% whiles 1.1% use ethno-veterinary medicine. The majority of the farmers (76.7%) used Amoxicillin antibiotics whiles 6.7% and 13.3% use Sulfa and Flagyl (metronidazole) drugs. The medicaments identified were used in treating symptoms and ailments such as anorexia, paresis, fowl cholera, and paralysis. Avian botulism was the prevalent disease in the study area. In terms of action on sick ducks, 24.2% of the farmers slaughtered and consumed sick ducks whiles 33% treated their sick ducks. From the study disease management of ducks in the metropolis has not been given much attention by farmers however, with much extension education on these the farmers would obtain many benefits from their production.

This review is aimed to provide well-organized information on structural and functional indices of indigenous goat population in Ethiopia to assess their type and function. Ethiopian goat populations are managed under different production systems and vary with their type and function. The review indicated that goat types in Jimma zone of Ethiopia were characterized as medium in dactyl thorax, small in weight; longer at the rump than at wither and their general body conformation was intermediary meat type. Central Highland goat in Ataye farm was also classified as meat type animals. In the Gamo Gofa zone, Arba Minch Zuria district goats were categorized as medium-sized and long-shaped body frames, with meat type animals along with signs of adaptation to its environment. On the other hand, Mirab Abaya goats were characterized as medium-sized with dairy type. In the Sidama zone, Bucks age groups 3 and 4 reared in Lokabaya have good thoracic development than any other age and sex group across the districts. Goats in the East Gojjam zone are short-bodied, long linear, curved, less compacted with poor thoracic development, balanced, light, and dairy type animals. However, the Dactyl thorax and Relative cannon thickness index showed that bucks have the better muscling ability and possess meat type. Similarly, these goat types are lower at the whither than the rump thus may be prone to dust infestation. In general, indigenous goat populations in Ethiopia may be settled as both meat and dairy type animals. So, this review could serve as a baseline for the classification of Ethiopian goats into type and function and it requires further studies on goat structural indices.

The effects of organic acid or synbiotic and their mixture on the growth performance, gut morphology, intestinal microbiota, and meat quality of broiler chicken were investigated in a 42-day feeding trial. One hundred and forty (140) one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 4 diets with 5 replicates of 7 birds each. Diet 1 was a basal diet (control diet). Diets 2, 3 and 4 contained the basal diet +0.1% organic acid, basal diet+0.05% synbiotic, basal diet + 0.1% organic acid + 0.05% synbiotic respectively. Performance indices were measured. On day 42, ileal digesta samples were collected from three birds per replicate for microbial counts while about 5 cm of distal ileum was severed for morphological measurements. Also, meats were sampled for microbial count, physicochemical assessment, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. At the starter phase, lower feed conversion ratio (1.84) was recorded in birds fed blend of organic acid + synbiotic diet. At the finisher phase, improved FCR (1.38) was observed in birds that received organic acid diet, though, similar to the FCR of birds fed synbiotic diet (1.64). Lowest Escherichia coli counts (0.57×105 CFU/mL) (P= 0.025) were recorded in birds fed the blend diet. Increased lactic acid bacteria counts (P < 0.0001) were observed in birds fed organic acid diet. Crypt depth (161.78 µm) and villus height: crypt depth ratio (4.48) of birds fed the control diet were similar to those on the other diets. Breast meat of birds fed organic acid diet (26.22%) was significantly bigger (22.93%) than the control diet. The crude protein of birds fed organic acid diet (22.96%) and synbiotic (22.87%) were similar but the blend (24.83%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the basal diet (21.92%). The lowest water holding capacity (64.67%) was recorded in birds fed the basal diet while highest values (70.67%) were found in the synbiotic and blend diets. TBARs of broiler chicken meat in birds fed organic acid (0.13 mgMDA/100g), synbiotic (0.12 mgMDA/100g) and the blend (0.14 mgMDA/100g) were similar but lower than the control diet (0.22 mgMDA/100g). The microbial counts of the meat show that the total Lactobacillus count of birds on synbiotic diet (0.58×104CFU/g) and the combination of synbiotic plus organic acid (0.65×104 CFU/g) were similar but significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control diet (0.34×104 CFU/g) and organic acid diet (0.20×104 CFU/g). Salmonella count was lowest in the blend (0.32×103 CFU/g) and highest in organic acid diet (0.86×103 CFU/g) In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 1g/kg organic acid singly or plus 0.5g/kg synbiotic improved the feed conversion ratio, gut health, and meat quality of broiler chicken and can conveniently replace antibiotic growth promoters in broilers nutrition.

Medicinal plants are beneficial to intestinal palatability and performance, have antimicrobial properties, have a wide range of antioxidant activities, stimulate the immune system, and promote nutritional absorption. 320 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were utilised in this study, which followed a completely randomised design with four treatments, four replicates, and each replicate contained 20 broiler chickens. Control, 0.5, 1, and 2% in the food of hens are among the experimental treatments. Thymolina is an antibacterial powder medication derived from the combination of four medicinal herbs (Salvia officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Teucrium polium and Origanum majorana). During the experiment period, chickens had free access to water and food and the livestock raising management was conducted in terms of lighting, humidity, ventilation, and vaccination in accordance with the guide requirements of Ross 308 broiler chickens. Weighting was conducted weekly and at the end of feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio of chickens were measured. To investigate the body’s immune system of broiler chickens, the HI and SRBC tests were used. To do so, each replicate of a bird was selected and 1 ml per kg of live weight of chickens of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was injected was injected into the pectoral muscle at the age of 28 years old. 7 days after the injection, blood sampling from the brachial vein of the same birds as 2 ml was conducted and blood serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000g for 10 min. the amount of antibody titers against SRBC in serum obtained using the HA method and concentration of Newcastle disease vaccine titers obtained by HI were determined. In addition, to the gene expression of interleukin II, the same birds were selected, and at the end of the period, the amount of 1-2 ml blood was taken under the wing of the venous vessel, and then the investigation of the amount of the gene expression of interleukin II was conducted using specific primers, GEN, and Real-Time PCR Reaction. Newcastle disease vaccine titers and SRBC were experimented with by experimental treatments and the alloy of anti-body titers increased. The gene expression of interleukin II increased and significant differences among different treatments were observed (P<0.05). Overall, the results showed that including Thymolina in the diet of broiler chickens improves their immune system by raising IL-2 gene expression. Therefore, it can be effective on the immune responses of broiler chickens and cause the improvement creation of the favorable and effective immune system in broiler chickens.