نشریه شاهد اندیشه
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 4، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Subcultures cause the recognition of social and cultural phenomena. The front and the eight-year period of the war had their own culture and subcultures, and the study of this area is very important in remembering the young generation. The present study is qualitative in terms of purpose, application and nature of the data that has been collected by descriptive method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the subculture of the fighters of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Eight-Year War. This study addresses issues such as; language (irony, common terms, and local languages ​​that encode information), humor, epic music, and sacred defense, and the culture of abnegation. The subculture of warriors on the battlefields had the theme of Islamic and Iranian culture, it has created a special culture in a part of Iranian history. Identifying subcultures on the battlefield is vital and valuable to examin the culture that dominant sacred defense as well as a moment in the history of the armed forces. Sacrifice and self-sacrifice of warriors in the Eight-Year War is very important as one of the subcultures in the behavior of warriors, and explaining these characteristics is important for modeling and creating cultural symbols for the non-war generation against cultural invasion.

The emphasis of the Supreme Leader on spirituality and ethics as the second chapter of the seven chapters of the statement of the second step of the Islamic Revolution, the importance of addressing this issue and analyzing its components, has been confirmed in various aspects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the analysis of the components of spirituality and ethics in the content of the testaments of the teacher martyrs of Ilam province in terms of compliance with the declaration of the second step of the Islamic Revolution. The research method is quantitative and of the type of content analysis, which is in the category of content analysis of the category type. The unit of analysis is the study of documents, i.e. the analysis of the wills of cultural martyrs in terms of units of measurement (components of spirituality and ethics) based on the statement of the second step of the Islamic Revolution. To collect information, due to the small size of the research community (55 testaments), the whole community was selected as a sample by census and all testaments were examined and analyzed one by one. The forms of measuring the presentation form and the list of content analysis lists are described using statistical indicators. at the end, it was found that the components: faith and trust in God (48), morality (37), coping with cultural and moral transformation in society by enemies (31), self-sacrifice (29), patience, respectively (28), spiritual and moral self-construction (23), empathy and unity (22), oppression and anti-arrogance (21), benevolence (20), preservation and dissemination of revolutionary spirit (19), courage and bravery (18), dignity and National authority (14), self-confidence and self-confidence (13), loyalty and perseverance (12) and finally chivalry (11), were the most important emphases in terms of frequency, in the testaments of cultural martyrs.

The activity of women in various political, social and cultural fields of Islamic society, from the beginning of Islam until now, is one of the undeniable realities of the history of Islam and Iran. Although Islam opposes the presence of women in wars as combatants, no objections have been expressed in cases where this action has been taken in order to defend one's life or the existence of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). From the very beginning of Islam, martyrdom-seeking and self-sacrificing women did not hesitate to sacrifice their lives and sacrifice for the sake of Islam, even in the most critical circumstances. The passionate epic of Karbala and the sacrifices of Zainab (PBUH) and other women such as Wahb's mother (daughter of Abd, from Bani Kalb, wife of Abdullah bin Umayr Kalbi) is a manifestation of the spirit of martyrdom in Muslim women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of self-sacrifice and martyrdom of Iranian women in different eras. Library research method has been usedin which for finding documents, related books were studied and searched in internal databases using related keywords; The research results showed that the women of Islamic Iran, whether during the constitutional period or during the Islamic Revolution or the imposed war, by following the example of Hazrat Zainab (PBUH), came out  always proud of the test of patience, endurance, self-sacrifice and martyrdom alongwith their husbands and sometimes ahead of them.

Providing and securing security in the incidence and emergence of various threats in the global security system is an important priority for all governments. In such an atmosphere, the Islamic Republic of Iran, as an anti-domination system, is subject to conventional and unconventional threats from regional and unrealistic actors, threats that proper understanding of the importance of the country is for the country's security and foreign policy. In explaining the way these threats occur, it should be said that they by recognizing strategic gaps and strategic weaknesses in the fields of economics, cyber, defense, etc. try to damage these fields and surprise security system of Islamic Republic of Iran strategically by harassment and multidimensional actions. Accordingly, the question of this research is that how soft power can cause strategic surprise? In response to this question, the main hypothesis is that proper recognition of the weaknesses in the economic, cyber and defense fields and strengthening defense infrastructure are two important steps to prevent strategic surprise.  The findings of this research show that soft power with an effect on diplomacy and influence on the intellectual space of the community leads to surprise for the political system. This paper carried out using descriptive-analytical method using library method analysis.

Usul Al-Kafi & Sahih Bukhari books are the reliable sources of Shiite and Sunni narrations to which the followers of these two religions refer about issues in many principles and sub-principles of Islam. One of the important issues about which narrations are mentioned in these two books and also some chapters are dedicated to it is the word "love". The present article has analyzed the content of the word love and its derivatives in these two books. The words and topics extracted from the analysis of the content of the narrations, show that love in Usul Al-Kafi is strongly related to the key concepts of intellect, religion, attributes of God, obedience, piety, cognition and Ahl al-Bayt and that it has several semantic layers of meaning such as the love between God and servant, the love to the Messenger of God and Ahl al-Bayt, and the love of mankind and believers, and the love that is displeasing. Most of the narrations related to love in Usul Al-Kafi book refer to the distance from the love to the world which is ignorance, helplessness and misguidance. But in Sahih Bukhari, love is related only to faith and goodness, and most of the narrations deal with the semantic layers of love, which include the love between God and servant, the love to the Messenger of God and mankind, but there is no mention of the love to Ahl al-Bayt.

The present article examines the position of Iraq in the axis of resistance with a combined approach (descriptive-historical and defensive realism) and tries to emphasize the important features and characteristics of Iraq and its important position in adopting the policy of decision makers. This article acknowledges that Iraq has always been considered by supra-regional powers and neighboring countries due to the special geopolitical position of oil and gas reserves and, most importantly, its participation in the axis of resistance and its neighborhood with Iran. This article goes on to refer to the position of Iraq and Iran as part of the axis of resistance in global geopolitical theories and enumerates the geopolitical features of Iran and Iraq. The findings show that Iraq, with a Muslim majority and a large number of Shiites, has had a special place in the resistance since the fall of Saddam Hussein, although it seems that the axis of resistance can still be used extensively and in a coordinated manner. However, potentials such as geopolitical importance, having influential Shiite authorities and various Shiite groups in Iraq show that this country has an important place in the perception of the axis of resistance. However, in Iraq, groups such as hashd-al sha'bi (the popular mobilization)and kata'eb (the books) defend the view of the resistance in this country.