فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال نوزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 68، پاییز 1400)

The present article aims to investigate the relationship between religiosity and environmental behaviors in Sari. Inglehart's theory of metamaterial values, the pattern of environmentalist behavior of Kalmus and Ajigman were used as a theoretical framework. The research method is a survey and the data collection tool is a researcher-made and standard questionnaire. The statistical population is women over 18 years old in Sari. A total of 400 individuals were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling as the sample size. Formal validity was used and the reliability of environmental behaviors is 0.858 and religiosity is 0.937. The results show that the average of environmental behavior is high (3.78). There is a significant positive and direct relationship between religiosity and environmental behavior. Religiosity has a significant positive relationship with four dimensions of environmental behavior. The four doctrinal, ritual, empirical, and consequential dimensions of religiosity are directly related to environmental behaviors. Therefore, religiosity and religious teachings play an important role in increasing women's environmental behaviors.IntroductionThe effect of religiosity and its dimensions on environmental behaviors were investigated. Environmental behavior is the act that a person shows in dealing with the environment. The role of women in the preservation of the environment is very important and the preservation of the environment as a public duty requires the participation of all groups, including women. Women as half of the population living in Sari were studied and their environmental behaviors were studied. Various factors can affect environmental behaviors. One of these influential factors is religiosity and its dimensions. Religion can help deepen environmental ethics. Religious rulings can be a source of inspiration for the development of environmental guidelines. Statement of the problem Environmental researchers believe that today environmental crises are worryingly threatening human life. The environmental crisis stems from a moral crisis and is the result of turning one's back on moral values. Therefore, to get out of this crisis, a moral solution must be sought. Women, due to their inherent characteristics and social roles, play an essential role in environmental management, a role that requires sufficient knowledge and awareness, and urban women, because they are exposed to urban and industrial pollution. They have a greater share. In the city of Sari, there are all kinds of pollution, such as air pollution, environmental degradation, and deforestation, which can be seen in everyday life. It remains to be seen what the relationship is between religiosity and its dimensions on women's environmental behaviors. Review of literatureSome research has been done in the field of religiosity and the environment. Dashtaki et al. (1400), Taliban and Memarzadeh (2019), Hosseini Valshkalaei et al. (2015), Habibi and Ebrahimpour (2015), Nabavi and Shahriari (2014), Maleki and Abdullahi (2013), Nawah and others (2011) Bernard (2016), Arbuckle and Koniski (2015) and Polly and Owner (2000) showed that the interaction of emotional attachments and beliefs and beliefs about the environment can be effective in determining beliefs and beliefs related to the environment.Environmental sociology mainly deals with the scientific study of the relationship between modern society and environmental crises and issues. In the pattern of environmentalist behavior of Kalmus and Ajigman, a direct relationship between environmental knowledge and environmentalist behaviors is not considered; Rather, they have considered environmental knowledge, values, and attitudes, along with emotional attachment, as a complex combination called environmental awareness. Schwartz's theory of normative arousal emphasizes that pro-environmental actions occur in response to personal moral norms about such actions and that these actions are evoked in individuals who believe that environmental conditions are a threat. In Inglehart's theory, values ​​are the foundation of environmentalism. Environmentalism is a manifestation of postmodern values.The theoretical framework is the theory of Inglehart, Schwartz, Kalmus, and Agimann. Inglehart and Schwartz theories express the attitude and view of individuals towards religious and non-religious values ​​such as environmental behaviors. People who have more transcendental and altruistic values ​​have higher environmental activities. MethodologyThe research method is a survey and the data collection tool is a standard questionnaire. The statistical population is women over 18 years old in Sari (131685 people). The sampling method is a multi-stage cluster. Pearson correlation coefficient, regression and path analysis were used. The face value is used and the measurement tool has the necessary reliability and the alpha value of environmental behaviors is 0.858 and religiosity is 0.937.  FindingsFindings showed that the mean of patterns of environmental behavior among individuals is relatively high and the average of 5 is equal to 3.78. The average religiosity is 3.48. There is a direct relationship at the level of zero significance and a correlation of 0.465 between religiosity and environmental behavior; That is, with the increase in religiosity, the amount of environmental behavior also increases. Religiosity has a significant positive relationship with four dimensions of environmental behavior. A positive relationship was observed between the dimensions of religiosity and environmental behavior. The experimental dimension of religiosity has the highest correlation coefficient (0.515) and the ritual dimension of religiosity has the lowest correlation (0.373) with women's environmental behavior. Regression analysis showed that the dimensions of religiosity explain 29.1% of changes in women's environmental behavior. The highest direct effect has the experimental and belief dimension and the highest indirect effect has the belief and ritual dimension and the highest total effect has the belief and experimental dimension on women's environmental behavior. ConclusionEthical values ​​can influence people's environmental behaviors. In this article, it was found that religiosity and religious values ​​can affect environmental behaviors. There is a significant direct relationship (0.465) between religiosity and environmental behaviors of women. As religiosity increases, so does environmental behavior. The results are consistent with the theoretical model of Inglehart and Schwartz and the findings of Adhami, Akbarzadeh (2011), Nawah et al. (2011), Kalantari et al. (2015), Fazli (2014), Maleki, Abdollahi (2013), Haghighatian (2014) and Habibi , Ebrahimpour (2015). The result is that to increase the performance of environmental behaviors in the city of Sari, more attention should be paid to religiosity and the dimensions of religiosity and raising its indicators and components. Paying more attention to the respect, commitment, acceptance of customs and ideas offered by traditional culture or religion can play an important role in increasing the tendency towards women's environmental behaviors. The most important suggestions are to make women more familiar with the religious teachings related to environmental protection, spreading environmental awareness, transfer of environmental knowledge and information, and environmental socialization by family, school, environment, Social and community pointed out.

One of the obstacles to the presence of women in managerial positions is the existence of stereotyped attitudes. In this regard, the present study to evaluate stereotyped attitudes toward the presence of women in managerial positions in the sports industry was formed as an applied study on the survey methodology. The Statistical population includes physical education and sport management students in Tehran's high-ranked universities, which leads to a sample of 324 cases with an 80% response rate using four data collectors. The research tool was Women as Managers Scale (WAMS) questionnaire introduced by Mihail (2006). Content and facial validity are scrutinized by 13 experts while Cronbach’s alpha about 0.87 ensures reliability. Data analysis enjoys factor analysis, analysis of variance, and Tukey test. Findings illustrate that students’ attitudes toward women's managerial roles are stereotypical, especially by men reflected in women’s tendency and feminine barriers respectively. However, there were no other significant differences in the attitudes of these students concerning other characteristics such as education, employment, and job status. Therefore, it will be very useful to develop mechanisms to measure the stereotypes of people before entering and correcting them after entering the sports industry. Also, setting policies that increase women's desire to hold managerial positions and remove the barriers created for them by the role of housekeeping, will help to alleviate this stereotypical attitude.

In recent months, on a global scale, the Kuwaiti pandemic has threatened the ontological security of social actors in various fields. This has caused anxiety and stress in various groups, especially women. The main purpose of this study is to describe the fat lived experiences of women in Khuzestan province from coronary heart disease with a phenomenological approach. To achieve this goal, the thematic analysis method was used. Data were collected from women in Khuzestan province. A total of 22 people were interviewed and selected by purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. In this study, after extracting important sentences and words from the text of the interviews, 278 initial codes were extracted which were categorized into 10 main themes according to the purpose and question of the research to obtain a picture of women's lived experience.The results of this study show that the lived experience of women with coronary heart disease in three types of social, occupational, family and psychological are as follows: stigma or hot stigma, social distancing, coronary phobia, fear of death, unexpressed grief, lack of Perception of risk at the occupational level, the quality of social support at the family level, feelings of loneliness, anxiety and separation, and at the psychological level, psychological capital erosion and feelings of depression.  Analyzing the findings, the Coronavirus has not threatened all aspects of human social and cultural life, making the world a more unjust place.

The success of women entrepreneurs not only brings economic benefits to communities but also ‌has many social and cultural benefits. However, the gender gap in various aspects of social life, including economics, education, health, and politics, has given women ‌have fewer opportunities for entrepreneurship and role-playing in the community development process. In this regard, the present study uses the panel data approach and the generalized method of moments (GMM) to investigate the effect of economic, educational, health and political gender gaps on women's entrepreneurship as the highest type of their economic participation in the development process in two groups of developing and developed selected countries during the period 2017-2019. The results showed that economic, educational, health and political gender gaps with different estimated coefficients have a negative and significant effect on women's entrepreneurship in both groups of developing and developed selected countries. In addition, the study of the effect of other model variables on women's entrepreneurship showed that the fertility rate has a negative and significant effect and financial development and development of information and communication technology have a positive and significant effect on women's entrepreneurship.

Today, with the entry of women into various social, economic and even political spheres, their sense of security has become especially important for governments. The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning and interpretation of women (students) of the roots and consequences of the feeling of security in the city of Kerman.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, qualitative and based on the foundation data approach. The participants of the study are 30 female students of Kerman Azad University who have been selected according to theoretical saturation and using the purposive sampling method. Semi-structured interviews have been used as data collection tools. To achieve the reliability criterion, three methods have been used: control or validation by members, analytical comparisons and the use of audit techniques.

According to the findings, economic insecurity, the subculture of insult and vulgarity, gender-discriminatory notions, institutionalization of profanity culture as causal factors, intergenerational conflicts, environmental-spatial insecurity, police performance as underlying factors, peace in the family, judicial and legal security as interfering factors and changing discriminatory judicial attitudes toward women, culture-building of clothing patterns as strategies, and socio-psychological disintegration and frustration have been identified as consequences.

Women's sense of security is formed under the influence of various social factors, but these factors are formed in interaction with culturally discriminatory perceptions and the performance of institutions and organizations that protect women's security.

This study aimed to compare communication patterns, self-efficacy and assertiveness in adolescent girls with the self-harming and normal group. This was a causal-comparative (case-control) study that was performed retrospectively. The statistical population of the present study included all-female high school students in Anzali city in the academic year 1397-1398 and also adolescents referred to the emergency department of Anzali hospital. The sample size was 60 people (30 students with self-harming behaviour, 30 students without self-harming behaviour) who were selected by the convenience sampling. Data collection tools included Scherer and Maddox self-efficacy scale, Gambrill and Ritchie audacity questionnaire, and Barton communication skills. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the mean scores of communication patterns and all its components (listening pattern, feedback pattern and verbal pattern), self-efficacy and assertiveness at teenage girls have less self-harming behaviour than girls with normal behaviour. The results showed that the level of studied variables in adolescent girls with self-harming behaviour was low, which requires educational programs to increase and improve the level of these variables in this group of adolescents.IntroductionAdolescence is one of the most important and influential stages of change in the life of every person and is the basis of many high-risk behaviours and social harms in this period. One of these risky behaviours is self-mutilation behaviours that are more common in adolescence than other periods of life. Self-mutilation is an inappropriate coping method for dealing with emotional problems, anger, and failure. Multiple risk factors are involved in adolescent self-mutilation, the most important of which are communication patterns. Communication patterns among adolescents are one of the important factors in preventing or tending towards high-risk behaviours. Beliefs of self-efficacy and behavioural changes and consequences are highly correlated with each other, and self-efficacy is a very important predictor of behaviour. Accordingly, when a person has a negative assessment of his or her abilities and competencies in different situations, he/she engages in self-injurious behaviours such as self-mutilation. Also, the results of research on high-risk behaviours have pointed to the role of individual characteristics such as the degree of the courage of individuals. Lack of non-daring traits causes discomfort and prevents the expression of emotions in social situations, as well as prevents the pursuit of individual and social goals. Research goalSince the phenomenon of self-mutilation is costly for the country's health system and on the other hand is not compatible with human values and cultural standards, a more detailed study of the issue seems necessary. Therefore, the present study was conducted in this direction to answer the basic question: Is there a difference between communication patterns, self-efficacy and courage in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing and normal behaviour?  Research MethodThis research is of causal-comparative type. The statistical population of the present study included all females high school students in Shahr Anzali in the academic year 2019-2020 and also adolescents referred to the emergency department of Anzali hospital. The sampling method of the present study was available according to which 30 girls with self-mutilation ing behaviour and 30 non-self-mutilation ing behaviour were selected to compare students with self-mutilation ing behaviour with relative matching in terms of age and educational level. To collect data in this study, Scherer and Maddox self-efficacy scale (1982), Gambrill and Ritchie daring questionnaire (1975) and Barton communication skills scale (1991) was used. FindingsTo analyze the data collected in the descriptive statistics section, the mean and standard deviation and in the inferential statistics, section to analyze the hypotheses, multivariate analysis of variance was used, for which the SPSS 19 statistical software was used.Based on research findings, the average scores of communication patterns and all its components (listening pattern, feedback pattern and verbal pattern) in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing behaviour are lower than normal girls(P<0/01).Based on the results of multivariate analysis of variance, the mean scores of self-efficacy and courage in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing behaviour are lower than normal girls (P<0/01). DiscussionThis study aimed to compare communication patterns, self-efficacy and courage in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing and normal behaviour. The results showed that the mean scores of communication patterns and all its components (listening pattern, feedback pattern and verbal pattern) in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing behaviour are lower than normal girls. When adolescents can communicate with friends, family and other members of the community using appropriate communication patterns, they cope better and more effectively with the psychological pressures of life due to receiving support from them, which reduces their self-mutilation.The results also showed that the mean scores of self-efficacy in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing behaviour are lower than normal girls. People with high self-efficacy have the high problem-solving ability, they focus on their problem-solving abilities in difficult situations and seek solutions instead of negative ones. Also, high levels of self-efficacy are associated with a greater ability to cope with high-risk and harmful behaviours.Finally, the results showed that the average score of assertiveness in adolescent girls with self-mutilation ing behaviour is lower than normal girls. Adolescents with low self-esteem are often unable to defend themselves in the face of challenging situations and others; For this reason, they are often passive, anxious and cowardly, and instead of expressing their wants and needs, they try to advance their desires by harming themselves.