نشریه فنآوری تولیدات گیاهی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation as well as foliar application of sodium nitroprusside as a nitric oxide donor compound on some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics in marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and has been carried out as factorial (two factors) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors included different irrigation levels 100, 65 and 30% FC and foliar application of sodium nitroprusside at three concentration levels 0 (control), 200 and 400 µM. The results showed that the highest root dry weight and root to aerial organ dry weight ratio belonged to control and 30% FC, respectively. Chlorophyll a and total concentration were reduced under water deficit stress, while the electrolyte leakage percentage was increased. The highest amount of total phenol content was belonged to 65% FC. Sodium nitroprusside had significant effects on the root dry weight and chlorophyll a and total concentration that this effects was maximum in 400µM. The concentrations of 200 and 400 µM sodium nitroprusside with 65% FC treatment increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. In all irrigation treatments, foliar application of 200 µM sodium nitroprusside increased the relative leaf water content. The concentration of 400 µM sodium nitroprusside with 30% FC showed the highest essential oil percentage. Based on the results obtained, sodium nitroprusside treatment protected marigold plant from water deficit stress and decreased its damages.

In order to investigate the effect of salinity stress on the morphological and physiological characteristics of some Iranian commercial pomegranate cultivars and possible identification of salinity tolerant cultivar, a greenhouse experiment conducted in Agricultural College of Lorestan University in 2015. The experiment carried out as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with five salinity levels and three replicates. The levels of salinity based on urban water was include 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM sodium chloride (with EC equal to 0.66, 3.35, 6.21, 9.72 and 14.35 dS/m, respectively), and six pomegranate cultivars including Malas Dane Ghermez Esfahan, Malas Yazdi, Shirin Shahvar, Meykhosh Yazd, Malas Saveh and Malas Yousofkhani. After three months of salt stress, some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of the plants were examined and measured. The results of this study showed that with increasing salinity, plant height, leaf size, the fresh and dry weight of leaf and root, and chlorophyll content of plants decreased, but leaf necrosis rate, the concentration of proline, malondialdehyde, other aldehydes, and soluble sugars increased. The research findings showed that in salinity conditions up to electrical conductivity of 6.21 dS/m, all cultivars showed acceptable tolerance to salinity. In higher salinity, Malas Saveh cultivar had superiority in salinity tolerance traits, including lower decrease in plant height, leaf fresh and dry weight, and chlorophyll and malondialdehyde concentrations along with lower leaf necrosis and therefore, for the traits evaluated in this experiment, than other cultivars had higher salinity tolerance.

In order to investigating the effects of different levels of sulfur and salinity of irrigation water, a 3× 3× 4 factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted in 2016-2017, with three replications. Four soybean genotypes (Hill, Dayr, Williams and Ford), in three levels of irrigation water salinity (control, 4 and 8 ds/m) and three levels of sulfur (control, 5 and 10 grams of sulfur powder in each pot) were investigated. The traits of main and sub branch height, number of main and sub branch pods, fresh and dry weight of shoot, 100 seed weight and yield per plant were evaluated. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of genotype, sulfur, salinity and sulfur × salinity on all traits, triple interactions effects in all traits except the main branch height, dry weight of shoot and 100 grain weight became significant. Mean comparison showed with increasing salinity, mean of traits and yield in per plant decreased significantly. The highest main and sub branch height, number of pods in main and sub branch, wet and dry weight, 100 seed weight and yield per plant were obtained at the control level of salinity and the second level of sulfur. The highest correlation of yield per plant in control and 4 ds/m salinity was with dry weight trait. Based on the results of mean comparisons with salinity stress, the reduction of traits of main and sub branch height, number of main and sub branch pods, fresh and dry weight of shoot, 100 seed weight and yield per plant in 5 gram of sulfur was lower than 10 gram of sulfur.

The effects of applications of humic acid and planting density on characteristics of fenugreek were evaluated. Treatments were of three levels of humic acid (0, 5 and 10 kg ha-1) and tow density planting (25, 50 plants /m 2). This experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized completely block design with three replications. The results showed that humic acid was significant on fresh and dry weight of the plant, so that the fresh and dry weight of the plant were recorded in 10 kg ha-1 humic acid and the lowest fresh and dry weight of the plant were obtained in control treatment, however, there was no statistically significant difference between treatments of 5 and 10 kg ha-1 in dry matter per plant. The results showed a significant effect of humic acid on the number of leaves and its pigments. The highest number of leaves (44.77) was observed from application of 10 kg ha-1 humic acid and the lowest number of leaves (32.55) was obtained in control treatment. Planting density was significant on the index of harvest index. The highest harvest index was obtained with 72.57% in the density of 50 plants/m 2 and the lowest was 57.79% in a density of 25 plants/m 2. Also, the interaction of humic acid and plant density on biological yield and 1000 seed weight were significant, so that the highest biological yield was observed in 10 kg.ha-1 humic acid and plant density 50 plants/m 2.

Water stress is one of the most important challenges that the plant faces. Regarding the importance of drought stress and its effect on plant yield, 12 oilseed sunflower genotypes under normal and drought stress conditions were evaluated in the year 2016. In conditions of normal and drought stress, genotypes of Progress and Sor had the highest grain yield potential respectively. 11 tolerance and stress susceptibility indices were calculated based on grain yield in non-stress and drought stress conditions. The MP, GMP, STI, Harm, YI and DI indices were used due to positive and significant correlation with grain yield under both normal and stress conditions for identification and selection of tolerant and sensitive drought stress genotypes. The first two components of the analysis of the main components of the studied indices and grain yield in both conditions justifies more than 99% of the variation. The coefficients of the analysis of the main components of the indices, the first component was named as the component of grain yield potential and drought stress tolerance and the second component as a component of drought stress susceptibility. Cluster analysis based on the values of first and second components derived from drought stress indices, classified genotypes into five independent groups. The genotypes used in this study showed high genetic diversity in drought stress. Finally, the Progress and Sor genotypes were the most tolerant and the Lakomka genotype was the most sensitive genotype for the end of season drought stress.

Trichoderma and vermicompost are important factors in improving and indirect growth stimulants in a variety of crops and orchards. This study is a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design, under soilless cultivation conditions in the greenhouse, with 4 concentrations of Trichoderma harizianum isolate Bi: 0% (control), 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume of 60 liters of water and two levels of vermicompost: Control (no use of vermicompost) and 50% of pot volume (cocopeat and perlite (2:1)) with 6 replications were established by studying the effect on morphological properties of lettuce cultivar (Green Tower Mi). The highest weight of stem, leaf, and root based on the results of the 10% fungus concentration treatment was observed at the highest levels of 363.75 g, 325.08 g, and 26.35 g, respectively. Also, in the application of vermicompost, the heavier stem fresh weight (377.41 g), leaf fresh weight (348.87 g), and root fresh weight (24.11 g) had the highest weight compared to non-application. The highest number of leaves (36), stem diameter (20.64 mm), and leaf area (211.25 cm-2 g) were observed in fungal treatment with a concentration of 10%. The antioxidant activity of lettuce treated with vermicompost increased by 25.34% compared to the control. Therefore, with the positive effect of vermicompost and Trichoderma on the growth properties of lettuce, the use of these two treatments in planting this plant is recommended. Also, because there was no significant difference between the high levels of the fungus, it is possible to achieve the desired result with fewer savings and costs, even with a concentration of 10% fungus.

To investigate the effect of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) and planting depth on total and marketability tuder yield of three potato cultivars, an experiment was conducted during 2016 and 2017 at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Hamadan, Iran. The experiment was conducted as split split plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plot included a planting depth at four levels (10, 15, 20 and 25 cm), subplot was consisted of a potato cultivar at three levels (Sante, Fontine and Agria) and sub-subplot comprised a SAP application at two levels (application and non-application of SAP). The results of this research showed that there is a significant interaction effect of cultivar and sowing depth with SAP on the number and weight of small tubers, deformed tubers and total yield (p<0.01) and on the number and weight of medium tubers (p<0.05). In this regard, the highest number and weight of medium tubers obtained at depth of 20 cm along with SAP usage in all cultivars. In general, the results revealed that SAP usage in all of the cultivars led to an increase in marketable tubers and total yield.

Planting date is considered an essential factor in agricultural production and it affects the growth, and yield of rapeseed .In order to investigate the effect of delayed planting dates on some phonological traits, yield, and yield components of rapeseed cultivars, a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted during the growing season 2014-2016 at the research station of Islamabad Gharb, Iran. Experimental treatments were two planting dates (7 and 17 October) as the main plot and five rapeseed cultivars (Nafis, Nima, Okapi, Neptune and Elvis) as subplot. The results showed that the effect of year, cultivar and planting date and their interactions were significant on most of the studied traits. The values obtained in most traits on October 7 planting date were higher than October 17. The highest number of pods per plant (214 pods), number of seed per pods (25.31 seeds), and seed yield (6793 kg.ha-1) were related to the Nima cultivar on October 7. Also, at the planting date October 7, the highest 1000 seed weight (3.61 g) was related to the Neptune cultivar. The highest plant height in both years was observed on October 7. The values of the studied traits were higher in the second year than in the first year due to climatic conditions during the experimental years. Finally, it can be reported that with increasing delay in winter rapeseed planting, the growth and yield of this plant decreases and that Nima cultivar had acceptable yield in delayed planting date.

In order to estimate the correlation between different traits and grouping of winter bread wheat genotypes, two factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD) and randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted in the research greenhouse and farm of Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University with 30 genotypes as a sub-factor and moisture stress, the main factor (control = without moisture stress and stress at flowering) with three replications during the 2016-2017 crop season. According to the results obtained under optimal irrigation conditions vegetative growth rate, and under stress conditions vegetative growth rates and grain filling rates in greenhouses and fields, are influential factors on grain yield and yield components. Cluster analysis based on grain yield and all related traits under normal irrigation field conditions, four groups were created. Superior genotypes in terms of grain yield were located in the third group (c-94-9, MV17, Heydari and c-94-8) with an average of 394.17 g/m2. Under drought stress conditions in the field, genotypes of the third group (Mihan, c-94-4, c-94-3 and c-94-9) had the highest grain yield (208.21 g/m2). Based on the results of Biplot analysis, flag leaf area, vegetative growth rate, number of fertile tillers, grain yield, number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight had a determinative role in isolating genotypes under normal irrigation and stress conditions.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a plant that is commonly grown for its edible seeds but is also used as fodder. To study the relationship between 21 morphological traits of 70 quinoa genotypes, an experiment was conducted in the form of the randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the faculty of agriculture of Shahed University. The results of multiple variance analysis showed a significant difference among the studied genotypes. The mean squares were significant for stem wet weight (SWW), number of leaves1 (54 days after seed sowing) (NL1), leaf dry weight (LDW), thousand-grain weight (TGW), number of leaves2 (harvest time) (NL2), plant height2 (harvest time) (PH2), and leaf chlorophyll content1 (54 days after seed sowing). The mean squares were significant for SWW, NL1, LDW, TGW, and PH2. The results of the mean comparison with Duncan's test showed that the G117 genotype had the highest SWW (33.35 g), NL1 (74.16) and the LDW (5.62 g). The highest TGW was estimated in genotype G83 with 2.70 g. The results of path analysis using raw data (with replications) were different from data with the mean data (mean of replications). In both cases, the panicle dry weight had the greatest direct effect on the grain dry weight and the plant dry weight. Due to the average traits associated with grain and leaf yield, the G117 genotype is introduced as the superior genotype.

The aim of this study was to investigate effect of various extracting methods with water, acetone and hexane solvents, on some phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of ajowan, mentha, garden sage and beeswax waste. In the antimicrobial study, for each microorganism a separated experiment was conducted in factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with three replications. The studied microorganisms were included Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Pythium aphanidermatum and Verticillium dahlia. Experimental treatments were material types in four levels (beeswax, ajowan seed, mentha and garden sage leaves) and different extracting methods with different solvents in five levels (Maceration method at room temperature with hexane, distilled water and acetone, and soxhlet with hexane and acetone). Maceration with water was included the lowest levels of phenol and flavonoid in all the materials, and was not able to extract any tannin. Maceration with acetone in beeswax waste and soxhlet with acetone in other materials were the effective methods for extracting phenol and flavonoid. Acetone solvent in menthe and garden sage extract had more tannin, while beeswax waste and ajowan responded better to hexane solvent. The microbial result showed that the studied materials and extracting methods had no inhibitory effect on Fusarium oxysporum. The highest inhibitory diameter of growth for other studied microorganisms was assigned to hexane extract of ajowan with soxhlet method. The various extracts of beeswax had inhibitory effect on all the mentioned microorganisms except for Alternaria alternata, confirming the antimicrobial property of the waste. In general, the results of this study illustrated that the studied organic extracts had acceptable potential in controlling these pathogens, and the difference in the type of solvent polarity and the extraction method had a significant effect on the extracted componets and consequently antimicrobial characteristics of the extracts.

Plants are always exposed to a vast range of environmental stress including the late spring cold stress which affects their growth and production. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of Late cold stress on the physiological traits, associated with stress tolerance that consists of fructan and Ion leakage in the reproductive stage.To this end, an experiment was conductedin a controlled condition (greenhouse)with a combined analysis modelbased on a completely randomized designinfour media (control temperature level of +8°C, +2°C, 0°C, and -2°C) for 20 cultivars of barley and three replicationin the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modarres University, Iran. The results of the analysis of variance showed that cold stress levels, cultivar, and interaction of cultivar on cold were significant for all the traits at 1% probability level. The results of comparing the mean and biplot analysis of physiological traits showed that Gohran and Jelgeh are the most tolerant and Reyhan 03 and Makoei are the most sensitive cultivars to cold stress. To study the genetic diversity in the molecular segment, 14 pairs of microsatellite primers were used and the average polymorphism content was estimated as much as 0.40. The cultivars were grouped by the Jacard similarity coefficient as well as cluster analysis method via the Complete linkage model, and 20 cultivars of barley were divided into 4 groups. The results of correlation analysis using stepwise regression analysis showed a high correlation (R2) for EBmac0674 indicator with Ion leakage trait (34.3) and Bmag0173 indicator with fructan trait (20/8).