Journal of Client-Centered Nursing Care
Volume:8 Issue: 2, Spring 2022

Clinical Supervision (CS) is a process of learning and professional support for nurses and developing nursing practice through regular discussions with experienced and skillful colleagues. However, it remains challenging to ensure the effectiveness of its implementation across all healthcare organizations. This systematic review study aims to answer the question: What are the effects of CS have on nurses’ perceptions and performance?.

This systematic review was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and using a mixed method. The search was conducted in the online databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane library, Wiley Online Library, and ProQuest for studies related to effectiveness of CS published from 2000 to 2021. Additional studies were also added by reference/citation tracking. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the McMaster Critical Review Form for both quantitative and qualitative studies (Version 2.0). Their risk of bias was assessed independently by two authors using the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias assessment tool. The studies were qualitatively analyzed by the classification of their main findings, study design, and CS methods/models.

Of 1041 potentially relevant studies, 237 were removed due to being duplicates. After screening the titles and abstracts of the remaining, 793 removed and finally 11 studies that met the inclusion criteria were entered into the review process. The design of the studies was quasi experimental (n=3), randomized controlled trial (n=1), cross-sectional (n=5), and qualitative (n=2). All the included studies showed the significant effectiveness of CS presented in various methods used such as one-on-one CS and group CS. The CS increased nurses’ peer support and stress relief (restorative function), professional accountability (normative function) and skills and knowledge (formative function). 

CS is significantly effective in nursing practice. There is a growing need in the future for more experimental studies, taking into account the use of more appropriate methodologies.

The establishment of good eating practices that begins in infancy will impact lifelong nutritional habits and overall health. This study evaluates effective educational models to increase parents’ knowledge and awareness in the field of nutritional assistance to toddlers through published articles from 2010 to 2021.

PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Wiley online library were searched according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis) guidelines to identify published studies from January 2010 to December 2021 based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two authors independently extracted the related data. The extracted data were synthesized thematically by collecting the main findings, the design, and the applied interventions. The quality of the included articles was assessed using the EPHPP (quality assessment tool of the Effective Public Healthcare Panacea Project) and the McMaster critical appraisal tool.

Search results from five databases yielded 842 related articles. However, only 7 articles met the inclusion criteria. The number of participants in these studies varied from 20 to 300 mothers of toddlers. The study designs included randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental, cross-sectional, and qualitative.   Home talks, nutrition education, and counseling were the educational methods used. The duration of the intervention varied from 2 weeks up to 9 months. Home talks seem to be a more effective method with direct (teacher-directed), interactive (discussion, sharing), and experiential (learner-centered, activity-oriented) delivery methods.

Three of the 7 studies had strong quality, and the rest had moderate quality. The evidence presented in this review has identified characteristics that may contribute to the effectiveness of interventions in increasing parents’ knowledge and awareness of nutritional assistance for toddlers. The overall result from this review reveals the need to improve the standards and procedures in intervention design and randomized controlled trials to improve their effectiveness.

The models or guidelines that make it possible for pregnant mothers to diagnose high-risk pregnancy signs and symptoms are not clearly stated. This systematic review was conducted to answer the question: what models/guidelines have contributed to women’s knowledge/performance regarding the detection of a high-risk pregnancy?

This systematic review used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. The electronic databases used were PubMed, Cochrane, ProQuest, and Google Scholar from 2010 to 2021. The main inclusion criteria were English interventional educational studies on high-risk pregnant women in the antenatal period using models or guidelines with more than 20 subjects. Review articles, editorials, comments, not full texts, case reports, and meta-analytical or systematic review articles were excluded. National Institute of Health (NIH) study quality assessment tool was used to assess the quality rating of the articles. The risk of bias was assessed by two authors independently using the Cochrane Collaboration revised tool. The studies were analyzed qualitatively by collecting the main findings, the design, and the applied interventions.

A total of 1,173 articles were obtained from the four databases used. After eliminating duplicates, thesis/dissertation, proceedings, book chapters, those with no inclusion criteria, no discussion of the high-risk pregnancy, and low quality based on the NIH for interventional studies, the remaining five articles were entered into the review process. Based on articles that met the inclusion criteria, it was found that the models used included the Health Belief Model, Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, the World Food Program flip-chart, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and the Effectiveness-Based Guidelines for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women, with educational class and counseling approaches for women with high-risk pregnancies.

This systematic review showed a generally positive effect of various models and guidelines for educating high-risk pregnancy detection by pregnant women. Approaches to the application of the models included educational classes and counseling for these women. These models and guidelines have a significant effect on the ability of pregnant women to recognize the symptoms of a high-risk pregnancy.

The limited ability of educational institutions to prepare learning materials due to being expensive makes it essential to use other methods such as digital methods or minimize the use of excessive learning materials. Accordingly, the present systematic review aims to find out to the effects of multimedia e-books and Augmented Reality (AR) on the knowledge and skills of health sciences students.

This systematic review was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Relevant articles were searched in ScienceDirect, ERIC, ProQuest, Pubmed, and Wiley Online Library, with the publication year of 2010-2021. Eligibility criteria were determined based on the PICOS guidelines. Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklists were used for the quality assessment of the included articles. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk-of-bias assessment tool. The articles were analyzed thematically after collecting their main findings, design, and applied methods.

The initial search yielded 493 articles. After removing duplicates, articles met exclusion criteria, and those with low quality, 11 eligible articles were selected for the review. Studies showed that multimedia e-books increased the students’ knowledge of evidence-based medicine, anatomy, community health nursing, pediatric care, electrocardiogram, and sexual harassment prevention. The use of AR increased the skills of students in performing local anesthesia, dental care, and anatomy.

The use of multimedia e-books and AR has significant effects on the learning process of health sciences students compared to conventional teaching methods.

Non-adherence to treatment prevents the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. This study aims to evaluate the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) use in predicting adherence to treatment in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).

This cross-sectional study with a predictive correlational design was performed on 400 patients with CAD referred to public and private cardiology clinics in Kashan, Iran, from September 2020 to July 2021. A consecutive sampling technique was used to select the samples. The treatment adherence questionnaire and a researcher-made Information and Communication Technology Use (ICTU) scale were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 16 using independent t-test, Pearson correlation test, and linear regression analysis.

The mean scores of treatment adherence and ICTU was 64.5±13.4 and 42.22±16.6, respectively. Linear regression analysis showed that the two ICTU domains of familiarity with ICT and the utilization of ICT together predicted 27% of variance in treatment adherence of CAD patients (P<0.001).

Adherence to treatment is higher in patients who use ICT tools for health purposes. It is recommended that health professionals and policymakers develop appropriate interventions to increase the ability of CAD patients to use ICT.

Cancer is a chronic disease that affects different aspects of Quality of Life (QoL), including physical, financial, social, and emotional aspects. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model is a comprehensive method for assessing patients’ needs, and designing, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs to meet their needs. This study aims to determine the effect of an educational program based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and preventive behaviors in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy.

This quasi-experimental impact evaluation study was performed on 90 outpatients with breast cancer (stages I and II) undergoing chemotherapy in Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan, Iran from September 2018 to December 2019. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups of training (n=45) and control (n=45). The training group, in addition to routine care, received the educational program based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model at eight two-hour group sessions for one month. The control group received routine care for cancer patients only. The participants completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model (assessing predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors) before the study, immediately after, and two months after the intervention.

In the training group, the total Mean±SD of HRQOL before, immediately after, and two months after the intervention were 52.65±17.14, 64.79±15.66, and 63.95±18.63, respectively. Their total score of HRQOL and its dimensions (physical functioning, role functioning, emotional functioning, and symptoms) increased significantly over time (P<0.01). In this group, the scores of predisposing and enabling factors also increased immediately after and two months after the intervention (P<0.05); however, the score of reinforcing factors (social support) showed no significant increase (P>0.05).

The educational program based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model can improve the HRQOL and preventive behaviors in terms of predisposing factors (knowledge, attitude), and enabling factors (family support) in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. We recommend this educational program for improving these patients’ QoL.

Assessing the self-efficacy beliefs of Iranian nurses in coping with occupational stressors requires to have a reliable tool. This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the short form of Occupational Coping Self-Efficacy for Nurses (OCSE-N) Scale for Iranian nurses.

This is a methodological study. Participants were 151 nurses who were randomly selected from among those working in oncology wards of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2021. The nurses completed the short form of OCSE-N and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations- Short Form (CISS-SF). This study employed exploratory factor analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to examine the factor structure of the Persian OCSE-N. The reliability was assessed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. The data were analyzed in AMOS and SPSS software v. 26.

The results of Principal Component Analysis by the Promax rotation and CFA showed that the Persian OCSE-N had two factors: 1) Coping self-efficacy to cope with the relational burden and 2) coping self-efficacy to cope with occupational burden. The correlation between subscales of OCSE-N and CISS-SF confirmed the convergent validity of the Persian OCSE-N. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for factors 1 and 2 were reported 0.75 and 0.77, respectively.

The Persian OCSE-N is a valid and reliable tool to measure the perceived self-efficacy in coping with stressful situations among Iranian nurses.

Adequate sleep is essential for proper mental function. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the intensive care unit nurses' psychological capital and their quality of sleep.  

This was a descriptive correlational study. The study sample included 200 nurses from the educational medical centers affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences who were selected through proportional stratified sampling. The data were collected in 2021 by McGee's Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and were analyzed using frequency, mean, and standard deviation and Pearson correlation coefficient   in SPSS 16. Significance level was set at 0.05.   

 There was a significant negative relationship between psychological capital subscales and the components of sleep quality (p<0.05). There were significant relationships between   psychological capital and nurses’ working hours (p <0.001), work experience (p = 0.04) and work experience in the intensive care unit (p = 0.03).  Also there were significant relationships between sleep quality and the nurses’ shift work status (p <0.001) and work experience (p = 0.04).  

Improving the quality of sleep was associated with increasing the score of psychological capital and its components. Therefore, it is necessary for intensive care unit nurses to have adequate and quality sleep to improve performance and success at work.