فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناختی
سال هجدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 66، بهار 1401)

Depression is one of the most common disorders that different factors have etiological functions in occurrence and persistence of the disorder. Recognition of these factors plays a role in the prevention and treatment of the disorder. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of the dimensions of temperament, rumination, cognitive flexibility, and trait anxiety in predicting the depressiv mood. The research method was correlational and the statistical population included all students of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University in 2018-2019. 322 students were selected by a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected by using the Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger trait Anxiety Inventory, Rumination Response Scale, and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. Data were analyzed through the Pearson correlation and path analysis. The results showed that harm avoidance, self-direction, and perseverance had significant correlations with depression. Also, in predicting depression mood, rumination and cognitive flexibility had a mediating role, and temperament and trait anxiety play a predictive role. In other words, increasing rumination and decreasing cognitive flexibility as mediating variables increase the role of temperament and trait anxiety in predicting depressive mood. Therefore, considering the above variables is important in predicting and treating depression by using methods like psychotherapy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mindfulness based of cognitive therapy on the student's attribution styles of with major depressive disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and follow-up with the control group. First, 410 individual female students completed the Beck-II Depression Inventory by screening test. Those who achieved a standard deviation above the mean of the group received a structured clinical interview. Then, 24 participants with major depression and inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to two groups of 4 in each experiment. The instrument of measurement in this study was Beck Depression Inventory - II and Attribution Style of Seligman and Singh. The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of 2-hour sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. At the end of the intervention, post-test and two months after the intervention, the control and experimental groups were followed up. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential tests including univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly increased the attribution style of events with good outcome and decreased the attribution style of events with bad outcome. These results were consistent at the follow-up stage. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention be used to reduce the level of pessimistic attribution style and to increase the optimistic attribution style of female students with major depression.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of irrational beliefs in predicting the experience of cyber bullying with mediation: difficulty in emotion regulation. The research method was descriptive correlational. The study population consisted of all male secondary school students in public schools of Ardabil province during the academic year of 2019-2020 (N = 21756). The list of all public boys' secondary schools in Ardabil province, which includes 179 schools, was prepared and two schools were selected from Ardabil, Parsabad, Garmi, Meshkinshahr and Khalkhal counties, and two classes were selected from each school. 409 of them were selected through cluster random sampling from the above statistical population and answered questionnaires of cyber-bullying experience, irrational beliefs and difficulty in emotion regulation. The data collected in this study were analyzed using Pearson correlation tests and Pattern of structural equations. Correlation coefficient results showed that experience of cyber bullying was positively and significantly correlated with irrational beliefs and difficulty in regulating students' emotion. Model fit indices of the model also confirmed the path of irrational beliefs in bullying directly and also with difficult mediation in emotion regulation. The results of this study show that irrational beliefs mediated by difficulty in emotion regulation have the ability to predict students' experience of cyber bullying significantly.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and psychodrama on attachment and psychological well-being in women involved in marital conflict. The research method was quasi-experimental pre-test، posttest study and control with a two month follow up phase. The population of this study was Iranian women involved in marital conflicts, referring to clinics in Khomeini Shahr in 2020. Thirty participants were selected via a purposive sampling among these women. They were randomly assigned to one of the groups of commitment intervention (experimental group 1), psychodrama intervention (experimental group 2) and control group. Data were collected using Marital Conflict Questionnaire, Adult Attachment and Psychological Wellbeing Questionnaire. The results of data analysis in experimental groups 1 and 2 indicated that acceptance-commitment and psychodrama increased psychological wellbeing scores and decreased marital conflict scores. In addition, attachment scores improved in both experimental groups, only avoidance attachment scores in group 1 and secure attachment scores in group 2 were significant. Thus, both interventions are involved in reducing marital conflict and increasing psychological well-being. It is suggested to use one of these two methods according to the attachment style.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of defense mechanisms in predicting perceived stress based on attachment styles in patients with Covid-19. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all people in Tehran who were infected with Covid 19 in 1399, who completed the questionnaires online. 300 people were selected by available and voluntary sampling method. The research instruments included Collins and Reader attachment style questionnaires, Cohen et al. perceived stress questionnaires, and Andrews et al. Data analysis was performed by path analysis method. The results showed that the hypothetical model had a good fit and was confirmed. Also, the results of path coefficients showed that the path coefficient of immature attachment style to the defense mechanism was immature and psychotic, negative and significant. Also, the results of indirect path coefficient showed that the relationship between undeveloped defense mechanism and perceived stress with mediated secure attachment was significant. Thus, secure attachment style mediated by underdeveloped defense mechanisms predicted the perceived stress level of patients with Covid-19

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of autobiographical memory specificity training on rumination and cognitive emotion regulation in depressed female students of Isfahan University in the academic year of 2018. The research was semi-experimentally designed using the pre-test and post-test for both experimental and control groups with two-month follow-up. So twenty depressed female students were selected as purposive sampling, and they were randomly assigned to two groups of experimental (10 subjects) and control (10 subjects). The research tools were Beck depression inventory, ruminative response scale and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. The experimental group who underwent autobiographical memory specificity training for five sessions, and the control group received no intervention. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. According to the results of the research, the autobiographical memory specificity training led to decrease rumination in the post-test and follow-up phase. In general, it can be concluded that memory specificity training as a cost-effective and easy-to-implement intervention, by recalling memories and reducing memory generalization, can be effective on rumination in depressive individuals.

The aim of this research was to study the relationship of the communication challenges caused by coronavirus epidemic with loneliness and negative emotions along with the mediating role of forgiveness., The method was descriptive-corralative based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population included Tehran citizens who had experienced the home quarantine. The sample size was selected based on Cochran's formula equal to 384 people, by Convenience sampling method. The questionnaires were completed voluntarily by online survey. Russell et al.'s loneliness, Watson et al.'s negative emotion, Holland et al.'s Forgiveness Scale and the researcher-made communication challenge questionnaire were used in order to gather data. The reliabilities of research tools based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient were confirmed. Findings showed that the mediating role of forgiveness in the relationship of communication challenges with negative emotions and loneliness was significant, but the mediating role of forgiveness in social communication could mitigate these negative consequences. Accordingly, it is suggested that the development of personality traits be emphasized in education and in families in order to mitigate the negative consequences of communication challenges caused by crises in today's turbulent world.

The aim of this study was to determine the structural equation modeling of attitudes toward body image with identity and attachment styles mediated need for approval in adolescent. The research method was descriptive-correlation. The high school students in Isfahan in 2021 were the statistical population of this study, 567 of whom participated in by cluster random sampling method. Data collection instruments included “Multidimensional Body–Self Relations Questionnaire”, “Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status-2nd Version”, “Revised Adult Attachment Scale” and “Need for Approval subscale of Dysfunctional attitude scale”. Structural equation methods were used to analyze the data. The results showed a good fit of the model. The Identity, Attachment styles and Need for Approval directly affected the attitudes toward image; also indirect effect of Identity and Attachment styles through Need for Approval on attitudes toward body image. Therefore, in the field of attitude towards body image, the variables of identity base, attachment style and Need for Approval should be considered.

The aim of present study was to investigate the mediating role of academic entitlement in the relationship between permissive parenting and psychological distress. The research method was descriptive-correlational. Statistical population was B.A Male students at the Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. A total of 282 students were selected using voluntary response sample method. Data were collected using Academic Entitlement Scale (AES), Parenting Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). To analyze the data Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted. The results showed that direct effect of permissive parenting on psychological distress, the direct effect of permissive parenting on academic entitlement and the direct effect of academic entitlement on psychological distress were significantly positive. Also, results showed that mediating role of academic entitlement in the relationship between permissive parenting and psychological distress was significant. The current study findings indicate that permissive parenting style can increase psychological distress among university students by strengthening of academic entitlement beliefs.