نشریه تحقیقات حقوق خصوصی و کیفری
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 16، پاییز و زمستان 1390)

One of the rather new issues in the realm of protective victimology of the national and above all, internationally levels is the study and investigating particular types of victimization. Accordingly, it is advisable that a new branch of protective victimology concerning special vulnerable victims be created which could be referred to as differential protective victimology. To this end, The present paper, briefly investigating the concept and definition of vulnerable victims and its special kinds of protective measures adopted based on the differential criminal policies, attempts to answer a basic question as to whether the urgency for differentially protecting vulnerable victims has been well-established in criminal sciences teaching? In response, we can conclude that although in most criminal sciences teaching mentioned in this paper, the protection of victims, especially vulnerable victims and differentially protecting have not been directly and clearly discussed, a logically relationship between criminal sciences teaching and their concepts and contents with the urgency for a special protective of vulnerable victims could be established through indirect and covert interpretation. To put it differentially, the issue of protecting vulnerable victims is hidden in the heart of each of the above-mentioned branches.

Current regulations are based through internationally accepted norms and political relations between countries. Current affairs in the tumultuous world of today requires cooperation between governments. Citizens of each country determine the aspects of these relationships. By the rule of law governments have to protect their citizens’ right in other countries; in case a citizen face judiciary hardship in other countries, his/her government will support him/her, as long as this support does not interfere with the laws of the country, where the citizen has his/her residence. Even citizens who either travel to other countries or live in foreign countries may become victims, due to the violation of their human rights by the guest countries. Such crimes may also fall under the jurisdiction of the international criminal court. The victims deserve the support of their governments, which is usually of consular nature. The aspects of the support is determined either by the law of victims’ country or by the 1963 Vienna Convention. The government of the victim's country decides how to implement the support.

Political elites in the authoritarian and semi-authoritarian countries that have power tools often fully and continuously can play a main role in the course of political development and undevelopment in these groups of countries. In this regard, the study of the quality of playing of this role in contemporary history of Iran, especially after Mordad, 28, 1332 (August, 18, 1953) coup that was associated with an increase of power of the monarchy (Shah) until Islamic revolution is very important in order to help us recognize some effective factors in the process of progress or little progress in political development in Iran. The question of this article is that what role political elites play in political development of Iran in the years between 1332 and 1357 (1953 and 1979). The answer to this question in this article is that the political elites of Iran in the mentioned era played a preventive role in the course of political development through some actions such as creating pyramidal and hierarchical power, abusing power and corruption, preventing holding free elections and doing electoral fraud, suppressing press freedom and independence and also suppressing of political independent parties and groups.

In line with achieving further carefulness in proceedings and materializing social justice , the reform act for the law of organizing the public and revolutionary courts, has initiated the provincial punishment court. According to this act , investigation about the crimes with critical punishments, lipidation, Life imprisonment , rigid and ……..would be under authority of punishment courts of province with presence of five judges , and proceedings with single –judge in these crimes should be prevented.Article 5 of reform act, without any change corresponding approved act of July 6, 1994, has reckoned the authority of revolutionary court in the article 6.The said article 5 is contradicted with clauses of 4 and 20 of reform act with regard to the authority of provincial punishment courts or revolutionary courts, and finally this trend led to the issuance of 664 precedent vote dated January 20,2002 .Regardless of flaws of the vote of precedent, basically, contradiction issue of jurisdiction of provincial revolutionary and punishment courts has not been fully ignored too.10Journal of Law and PoliticsVol.7 No. 16 Fall 2011 & winter 2012It is attempted in this article that by announcing contradiction issue in the jurisprudent of provincial revolutionary and punishment courts, we define the jurisprudence of these two courts given the available laws, and then prove this case that investigation about the crimes with punishments of solid announcement and ..……which apparently is under authority of revolutionary courts by the article 5 of reform act, indeed is under proceeding jurisdiction of provincial punishment courts by reform of restricted act, as a result, the jurisdiction of revolutionary courts faced with further restrictions and this case was accomplished according to the legislator will. Just as the omission of revolutionary prosecutor’s office and mergering it into public courts should be considered in the line of this attitude.

European Union with 450 million consumers is the world's second largest energy market. Therefore, sustainable energy, competitive and secure one of the fundamental pillars of European security. Europe's energy security interests of the Union are influenced by internal factors such as rising oil prices and reduced energy production in Europe as well as external factors such as the increase in global demand as a result of the rise of emerging economies such as China and India, The continuing turmoil in the production of oil and Russia's willingness to use energy as a tool of political power. This study analyzes the Europe Union to secure its energy policy with regard to the importance of environmental issues. This issue has been discussed that the Europe Union to reduce its dependence on imported energy sources and increase energy security, increase policy use efficiency, use of alternative energy and energy efficiency in different economic sectors and industry has started.

On change of nationality, Classic and Feminist schools have their own views in international law. This study was aimed at answering the question, of what reasoning classic and feminist schools are based on as related to change of nationality due to marriage. The assumption here is that, the classic school disregards human rights as related to change of nationality due to marriage, while the feminist school emphasizes human rights and rejects any kind of discrimination on the basis of sex on the question of nationality. Specifically, the study sought to bring into focus and the some time review human rights which concern women's nationality. Elevating human rights and implementing them as related to women is contingent upon recognizing the same rights for men and women concerning their nationality and rejecting any discrimination in this regard. To investigate the legal concepts and elements related to this topic and also describing and categorizing them a descriptive method was followed. To evaluate those concepts and elements a critical analysis was done. The results revealed that in the classic school the focus is on political consideration and national interests of the country with which the man is affiliated, which means disregarding human rights. on the other hand, the feminist school emphasizes human rights and introduces the principle of the equality of men and women, on the question of nationality, thus rejecting any discrimination in this regard.