نشریه کواترنری ایران
پیاپی 26 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Geomorphosites are defined as Geomorphological landforms and processes that have acquired aesthetic, scientific, cultural- historical and social- economic values due to human perception of geological, geomorphological, historical and social factors. In recent decades, the vulnerability of the geoheritage that includes geological and geomorphological natural elements have been less considered in comparison with the biological and cultural heritage and thus its situation is constantly blurred in the conservation actions. The aim of this study is comparison of geotourism development potential of geomorphological sites in Sardasht region, based on education and tourism potential, through evaluation of them and providing appropriate solutions for protection and promoting of this place as a tourism destination. Study area with 45° 29′  E and 36° 13′ N is located in west Azerbaijan province, in the northwestern of Iran, which forms part of the Zagros folded mountains with trend northwest – southeast.

For this research based on a documentary study, initial data were collected and classified that was related to the research literature (Brilha and Zouros model was selected based on geographic conditions and geotourism attractions of the region). Then the locations of 5 geomorphosites and their topographic and geological information were derived from 1:50000 topographic maps and 1:100000 geological maps and field work. Finally, after selecting 2 geomorphosites (travertine spring of Kanigaravan and Shalmash waterfall), based on inherent value and additional value, identity sheet was prepared for each of them. Then during the field observations, pictures were taken of each geomorphosites and their locations were marked using GPS device and their distributions were drawn in Arc GIS software. Then the evaluation of each criterion was done using special questionnaires for each model that had been completed and ranked by experts (experts in geomorphology, geology, environment, tourism management and natives).The evaluation of geomorphosites according to criteria proposed models; the total value is calculated following the formula:Zouros model:Geomorphosite value = Scientific + Geodiversity + Ecological & aesthetic + Cultural + Potential threats & protection needs + Potential for useBrilha model:Geomorphosite value = Scientific + Geotourism + Educational + Degradation risk /4

In Brilhs model, the highest value are the indicator of degradation risk and the lowest value is the tourism indicator. In terms of the degree of risk of degradation, both geosites are in a moderate position, which if not managed properly, they could be at high risk of degradation in the not-too-distant future. The lowest scores of geosites in Zouros model are indicators related to potential threats & protection needs and ecological & aesthetic. The low tourism value of travertine forms of Kanigravan spring is the according to the model due to the lack of residential infrastructure, security and more suitable access than the geosite of Shalmash waterfalls. The lowest indicator values are related to potential threats & protection needand ecological & aesthetic in Zouros model. The highest rank of the indicators is related to the scientific value. Assessment of geomorphosites using the Zouros model is shown that Shalmash triple waterfall collection with score of 83 the highest rank and travertine forms collection of Kanigaravan spring with score of 71.5 the lowest rank has allocate.

It seems that the selected geomorphosites of Sardasht region have been less visited due to the high scientific score evaluated in the Zouros model and educational score in the Brilha model that it can be due to less recognition, weak scientific content by the international community and rarity at the national level. Due to the weakness of management actions to the geosites conservation of Sardasht region, educational programs should be provide for visitors, especially students for understanding the importance of the region’s geomorphosites and to further influence their insights on geological and geomorphological processes of the region. Programs such as identification of landform, based on global standard scientific methods to maintain the topography integrity and collection of rare samples to restoration and validity, assigning some geosites as geography lab (geomorphology), to a large and independent organization in the country, such as the ministry of science, research and technology. Initiatives schemes based on geomorphological sites assessment in this region sush as Brilha and Zouros model allow the local communities to gain experience and have had active participation in geoconservation and geoheritage management.

Neotectonic studies the dynamic processes affecting the formation of the earth and the landscapes in it (Keller and Pinter, 2002). In this regard, morphotectonic indices can be used to study tectonic activity in a short time and be used in more detailed future research. Morphotectonics is the knowledge of the study of shapes and shapes created on the earth created by tectonic mechanisms and is interpreted to mean the application of morphological principles in the analysis of tectonic problems (Burbank and Anderson, 2012; Grohmann, 2004; Rangzan et al., 2003). Examining the drainage pattern, and the rate of digging and diversion of rivers provides important information about the expansion and structural evolution of the region (Keller et al., 1998). Pardis city in the Central Alborz tectonic zone is affected by main faults such as the Alborz faults, Mosha fault, and North Tehran fault. Today's earthquakes in Tehran province are a sign of the continuation of the pressure regime prevailing in the province, and the city of Pardis is no exception. The study area has not been studied based on the qualitative indicators of morphotectonics and remote sensing, so it is necessary to predict the conditions and changes in the future of this study. The general purpose of this study is to investigate the seismicity of Pardis city based on qualitative indicators of tectonics and remote sensing for the first time.

 Pardis city has geographical coordinates of 35 ° 44′22 ″ N, 51 ° 46′40 ″ E, which is located on the slopes of Central Alborz. The geological structure of the study area is studied under the characteristics of the south-central Alborz zone. The existence of multiple fault systems and drift, an outcrop of older rocks, and disturbance of stratigraphic order are the geological characteristics of this region so that in the vicinity of Eocene volcanic sediments (green tuffs of Karaj Formation), shale and coal rocks are formed. Shemshak belongs to the Upper Triassic and Jurassic periods.

In order to make connections between structural elements such as lines and faults, remote sensing studies have been performed, such as automatic extraction of lines, fractures, and preparation of density maps of lines. ASTER satellite image was used to extract the lines linearly and a linear density map was drawn in Arc GIS software. Rockwork 2016 software has been used to analyze the orientation of fractures and lines as well as faults in the study area. Using Google Earth images and Corel draw software, some tectonic morphology indices such as cone coefficient index, triangular surface index, and canal displacement index have been measured. Using field operations, the geological units and the main structures of the region, which include faults and folds of the region, were investigated.

The scattering of the linear indicates that most of the areas that correspond to the faults of the region as high density and in most of the basins there are areas with high density. Changes in magnetic intensity in the study area from northeast to southwest have gradually decreased and the increase in magnetic intensity from south to northwest is due to the proximity of the northern regions to Damavand and the increase of intrusive masses in this region. The study of the risk of surface rupture in Pardis city shows that the bed of this city hosts important faults such as Pardis, Hesa, and Ferdows faults that have cut Quaternary deposits and unfortunately their privacy has not been observed. The earthquakes occurred under the faults of Rudehen, Pardis, and Ferdows. In this area, alluvial fans have been exposed to more destruction due to tectonic and erosive activities and have been removed from the ideal alluvial fan shape. Shows the position of triangular surfaces in the southwest and northwest of the study area at the fault line. Adaptation and comparison of the location of faults and waterway lines in most parts of the region indicate a change in the direction of the tributaries of the waterway network.

Among the important faults in the region are the Rudehen fault, Pardis fault, Ferdows fault, Hesa fault, and North Tehran fault. In addition, the Rudehen fault at a distance of three kilometers north of the city limits, the North Tehran fault, and the Mosha fault can be the causes of destructive earthquakes in this city. The qualitative value of tectonic morphological indices of Pardis city such as alluvial fan index coefficient, triangular surfaces, and sudden changes in the course of rivers indicate the performance of faults and are evidence of the active tectonics of faults in the region. Reinforcement of important buildings and structures such as bridges and highways and reconstruction of worn-out structures is a very important task and should be given priority.

The origin and geochemistry of the sediments that make up the Khuzestan plain as one of the key areas of southwestern Iran has always been discussed. Detailed geochemical studies of these sediments, in addition to determining their origin, can provide appropriate information about weathering, erosion, ancient tectonics and environmental pollution in the Khuzestan plain. In this research, after library studies, 276 different points for field surveys were determined with the help of satellite images. Sampling was done from designated points in spring and summer when soil moisture was minimal. The collected samples were sent to the Central Laboratory of Tehran Geological Survey for geochemical experiments after sizing by sieving device of Ahvaz Center of Geology. Findings from sediment granulometry studies show that most of the grains studied have bad to very bad sorting and contain about 70% of particles equal to and larger than silt. In addition, the findings of geochemical studies show that CaO, SiO2 and Al2O3 are the most abundant oxides in these sediments and Ti, Zr, V, Ce and La are also the most abundant by-products. The classification of the sediments based on geochemical indicators shows that these sediments are mainly in the range of Vaki and iron-bearing shales. It is noteworthy that the sediments of this plain are enriched with elements such as As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu and U, which need to be studied more closely. The results of the study of these findings show that the deposits of the Khuzestan Plain, often in a short time with a high-energy environment. These conditions are more evident in the northern part of Khuzestan province, which is often composed of larger grain particles than the southern parts of Khuzestan province. In addition, geochemical studies performed to determine the ancient tectonics of Khuzestan plain sediments show that the primary origin of these sediments were Continental Island Arc and Active Continental Margin, which corresponds to the Zagros tectonic conditions and can indicate the primary origin of this Sediments are from Sanandaj zone of Sirjan (especially in the northern parts of Khuzestan province). Environmental studies on the collected samples show that these sediments are in a warning state due to the presence of elements such as As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu and U.

Climate change refers to any significant change in the existing mean climatic conditions within a certain time period (Jana and Majumder, 2010; Giorgi, 2006). Earth's climate change through history has happened (Nakicenovic et al., 2000; Bytnerowicz et al., 2007). 

In this study, daily precipitation and daily maximum (Tmax) and daily minimum (Tmin) temperatures in the Iranshar synoptic station, southeastern Iran were predicted for the future (2061-2080) by statistical downscaling outputs of 5 GCM models (EC-EARTH, GFDL-CM3, HadGEM2-ES, MIROC5, MPI-ESM-MR) under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 emission scenarios. Figure 1: Major climate systems over West Asia (Gurjazkaite et al., 2018; Sharifi et al., 2015; Vaezi et al., 2019). and location of the Iranshahr station (marked as a red box). A) . Dotted lines indicate the approximate current location of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), Mediterranean winter precipitation zone lying between the dashed lines, and the Siberian Anticyclone; IOSM refers to the Indian Ocean Summer Monsoon, and a 30 years average of minimum and maximum monthly mean air temperature (°C) and mean monthly rainfall (mm) as recorded at Iranshahr.

The results of statistical downscaling outputs of 5 GCM models by LARS-WG model under RCP 8.5 emission scenarios (the business-as-usual) in Iranshahr station was modeled from 2061–2080. During this period the mean temperature will increase between 3.2 to 4.6 °C compared to the base period.At The Paris Agreement, the average increase in temperature was set at below 2 °C by the end of the 21st century, which includes the 0.9 °C increase since the industrial revolution, to avoid adverse and unpredictable weather effects (IPCC, 2021; Millar et al., 2017; Rogelj et al., 2018). However, the results of this study show that southeastern Iran is firmly set on the path by increasing the current temperature by several degrees more by 2080. Based on the two modeled scenarios, the change in temperature will have an increasing trend in the coming years and is in good agreement with the recent assessments of future temperature changes in southwest Asia (Babar et al., 2016; Hamidianpour et al., 2016; Pal et al., 2016; Evans, 2009). Therefore, if greenhouse gas emissions continue at their present rate, earth's surface temperature in this region will pass the temperature threshold of 2 °C.One of the mechanisms contributing to the poor monsoon rainfall simulation in CMIP5 and HadGEM3 models may be the Arabian Sea cold sea surface temperature biases that persist until summer and reduce moisture fluxes over the Arabian Sea (Levine et al. 2013; Levine and Turner 2012). In modern times, IOSM induced upwelling of cold water leads to reduce sea surface temperatures in western Arabian Sea in summer that in turn cause reduced evaporation over a cooler Sea and less moisture in the low-level monsoon jet (Levine et al. 2013; Saher et al. 2007). In order to evaluate this hypothesis, paleoclimate changes discussed in the southeastern Iran is useful. The multi-proxy climate record from southeastern Iran reveals that the regional hydrology of southeastern Iran since ca. 14.7 cal kyr BP is primarily governed by IOSM strength, which is linked to the position of the ITCZ in response to the orbital-scale changes in summer insolation (Fleitmann et al., 2007; Gupta et al., 2003; Overpeck et al., 1996).

As the first comprehensive (both future and paleo) climatic change study in the arid region of southeastern Iran on the north most border of IOSM, we compare simulated future precipitation based on different scenarios of global warming with real paleoclimatic changes that happened since ca. 14.7 cal kyr BP in the region. In this respect, the maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation projection in the southeastern Iran is derived from the downscaling of the CMIP5 GCMs (EC-EARTH, GFDL-CM3, HadGEM2-ES, MIROC5, and MPI-ESM-MR) under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 using the LARS- WG model. Paleoenvironmental records since 14.7 cal kyr BP from southeastern Iran is used to examine whether the predicted changes in precipitation (variability in IOSM and MLW output) based on the two scenarios of global warming are valid.we postulate that results of statistical downscaling outputs of the GCMs by LARS-WG model in Iranshar synoptic station did not have a sensitivity to simulate monsoon precipitation in this complicated region with various factors impacting climate change. Because the results dose not match the paleohydrological changes and Intensify of IOSM during past warm periods. We suggest, in the new generation of climate models, the effect of a consistent increase in seasonal mean precipitation during the summer monsoon under warming scenarios must be considered more for north most monsoonal domain area like southeastern Iran.

Paleoclimatology studies attempt to detect climate change over time and fill meteorological data gaps in a variety of ways. One of the most widely used methods in Paleoclimatology and the reconstruction of climate data for decades and centuries is the use of tree rings. Trees, by forming annual growth rings, store past climate information, and dendroclimatological studies reveal this valuable information to us. One of the suitable species for these studies is the Juniperus tree, of which there are significant habitats in the study area - northern elevation of Kerman province. Considering the simultaneous effect of short-term and long-term water sources on annual tree growth, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of different water sources on tree growth in the study region and then reconstruct rainfall conditions using annual growth rings of Juniperus trees in the habitat that is called "Tangal Ravar" in the north of Kerman province.

 "Tangal Ravar" Juniperus habitat is located in the northern highlands of Kerman province, at the 31°25' of North and 56° 50' of East. The highest peak of this mountain is 3515 meters above sea level, Juniperus trees in these heights are mostly distributed on the southern, southwestern and western slopes from 2700 to 3100 meters. Examination the data of climatic stations close to this habitat showed that the annual rainfall is about 200 mm and the average temperature is 20 degrees, which emphasizes the location of the habitat in semi-arid regions. The Precipitation regime in habitat is at cold season from November to April, and the habitat growing season lasts from about mid-March to late September.Sampling was performed in spring 2018. For this purpose, an increment borer with a diameter of 5.5 mm for hardwood was used. About 200 samples were taken from 96 trees that were as healthy and undamaged as possible. The rings were counted and their width was measured with LINTAB desktop and TSAPWin software with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. The cross dating between the growth curves of the trees was done with TSAP software and the results of GLK, CDI, GSL, CC and Tv statistics showed the desired quality of the that for most of the trees. Chronologies were created in ARSTAN software by BiweightRobust averaging method, and then de trending and standardized by negative exponential curve method and 20-year spline, and finally STANDARD chronology was selected for studies. The quality of chronology was measured by the mean correlation statistics of all habitat trees (Rbt), Expressed population signal (EPS), signal-to-error or anomaly ratio (SNR), mean sensitivity (MS), and Autocorrelation (AC1). Then, the relationship between climate and ring width was measured using station data from Kerman province and CRU TS4.01 climate data for the last 116 years in Iran by Pearson correlation coefficient and precipitation reconstruction was performed using simple linear regression.

  The quality studies of chronologies results showed that the longest chronologies prepared are 680 years (1338-2017 AD) with a confidence reconstruction period of 252 years and the chronologies have desirable values of quality measurement statistics. The average chronology of the region shows a relative decrease in the width of growth rings in the last two decades with a decreasing trend in the last century along with increasing fluctuations in the 1950s and 1980s. In general, we can see a decreasing trend in the width of the rings from 1500 to 1650 AD, an increasing trend from 1650 to 1750 AD, a decreasing trend from 1750 to 1800 AD, an increasing trend from 1800 to 1900 AD with an obvious decline in the 1850s and the trend Observed a decline from 1900 to the present. The study of the correlation between rainfall and the width of growth rings of juniper trees in "Tangal Ravar" habitat, which is a mountainous region with semi-arid climate, showed that rainfall before the growing season and the beginning of the growing season, or in other words, total annual rainfall is the most important and effective factor in the width of the rings. Also, the total rainfall of the coldest months (November, December and January) shows a high correlation with the width of the rings. The results of rainfall reconstruction also showed several droughts and wetlands along with fluctuations in ring width.

The results showed that precipitation in general has a direct relationship with the width of the growth rings of juniper trees in the region. Meanwhile, December-January precipitation due to snowfall and total precipitation of the rainy season, ie October-May, shows a high correlation with the width of the rings. Due to the high slope in the topography of the habitat, the rocky location of most trees, shallow soil and consequently low groundwater storage, juniper trees of "Tangal Ravar" habitat depend on the amount of rainfall before the growing season and the beginning of the growing season in the region. Due to the mountainous nature, most of the winter precipitation in the region is snow. Considering the high positive correlation between December-January and for some stations December-January-February, it can be said that snow storage before the start of the growing season plays an important role in the width of the growing rings of all habitat trees. Considering the reconstructed precipitation, the significant periods of drought and wet years in the region can be summarized as follows: Droughts of the last two decades, especially from 2007-2006 to 2017. Drought of 1980s, Drought of 1965-1975. Wet period of the 1950s, droughts of the 1940s, droughts of 1916-1919, wet period of the second half of the nineteenth century with a severe drought in the 1870s, a decrease in precipitation over a century from 1850 to 1750 with multiple droughts, increased precipitation in the period 1750-1700 AD with continuous wetlands. An obvious and continuous decline for 170 years from 1700 to 1520 AD. Among these, the important droughts of 1916-1919 and 1870-1871, which were accompanied by severe famines in Iran, have been mentioned in the results of other researchers.

The environment has had a significant impact on prehistoric human life, he chose the right place to live according to the potential of the environment. Humans were not yet aware of the technological advances for serious environmental change, and one of the most important reasons for choosing a habitat was access to fresh water. This important factor for selection, in some cases, led to dissolution. Consecutive droughts have led to habitat abandonment and settlement collapse, and in other cases, some settlements have been completely abandoned or have a cultural break due to changes in river direction and floods. Qala-bon area is one of the areas that has been culturally interrupted due to flood sediments. A culture with a thickness of about one meter was identified, which indicates a break in this area...

The aim of this study is to present the modified Mercalli intensity map in a probabilistic way based on seismic studies in Mako Quadrangle. The studied area is located in the northwest corner of Iran. The occurrence of several destructive earthquakes and the presence of active faults indicate a high level of seismicity in this region. Based on tectonic earthquake surveys and b parameter values, all active seismic springs were identified and seismic parameters were calculated for them. Then the modified Mercalli intensity map was calculated using four reduction relations. The results showed that the maximum intensity is in the form of a strip with a northwest-southeast trend, which shows a good compatibility with the Igdeer and Blikglu faults. The present results are in good agreement with the intensity map of the earthquakes that occurred in the region.

Nazi salt dome is located in the border of high Zagros and folded Zagros in the northwest of Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province. This dome is affected by Zardkooh fault in the heights of Zard Kooh. The sequence of formations in the region includes Infra-Cambrian sedimentary rocks up to the present time The aim of this study was to investigate the active tectonics associated with Zardkooh fault and Nazi salt dome in Bazaft area in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, using morphometric indices. Zardkooh fault is the border of high Zagros and folded Zagros. Zardkooh fault and Nazi salt dome are both exposed on the ground. In order to study the tectonics of the study area, the study area was first divided into 59 basins Then quantitative morphometric indices such as hypostometric integral index (Hi), drainage basin asymmetry index (Af), river gradient index (SL), basin shape index (BS), mountain front sinusitis index (Smf), relatively active tectonics index (Iat) has been calculated. In Hi index, 7 basins with active new tectonic activity, 21 basins with moderate tectonic activityand 31 basins with low tectonic activity were identified. Also in Af index, 18 basins with high and activetectonic activity, 21 basins with medium tectonic activity and 20 basins with low tectonic activity were determined. One high-activity basin, two basins with moderate tectonic activity and 56 basins with low tectonic activity were identified in the SL index. In BS index, 2 basins with active tectonic activity, 2 basins with moderate tectonic activity and 54 basins with low tectonic activity were identified. In Smf 16 index, the basin has active tectonic activity and the rest of the basins have low to very low tectonic activity. Relative activity index (IAT) in the study area indicates the presence of 3 basins with active tectonic activity, 26 basins with moderate tectonic activity and 30 basins with low tectonic activity are low. Based on the calculated indicators, the study area has different basin activities from medium to low. The data show that the activity of Zardkooh fault, the activity of the Nazi salt dome, large waterways in the region, and vegetation in the region have a significant impact on the activities of the region. The area has moderate to low new construction activity.

The study area is located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province and includes Shahrekord and its villages. The highest outcrop of the region is related to the Mesozoic limestone formations in which the Upper and Lower Cretaceous limestones have the largest extent, and Precambrian sediments have a limited extent. The existence of different age facies along with mining, industrial, and agricultural activities can provide the necessary grounds for soil contamination with heavy elements. In the present research, considering the importance of soil health from the perspective of environmental geochemistry, the presence and distribution of these elements in the region’s soil were investigated. The present study aimed to determine the distribution of heavy metals based on zoning maps of elements and the correlation between them in the soil environment.

For this purpose, the results of the chemical analysis of 61 soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-25 cm (after removing surface contaminants). The concentration of heavy metals was analyzed using the ICP-MS method in Zarazma Company and was evaluated and interpreted using multivariate statistical methods. Also, geoaccumulation index (Igeo), Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI), pollution index (PI), and enrichment factor (EF) of elements were calculated.

The average concentration of total heavy elements in the soils of the study area was 4.39, 13.34, 91.82, 32.18, 70.57, 11.70, and 81.64 for arsenic (As), cobalt (Cb), chromium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn), respectively. The average concentration of heavy metals in the surface soil of Shahrekord for different elements was in the following order: As

Therefore, there is no significant environmental concern. This result is in line with the results of the present study. In all sampling sites, the PI is in the allowable category. Besides, the concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, and Cu is less in the soil of Shahrekord than in the soil of other cities, but Ni has a higher concentration. Also, since the EF was less than 10 for the study area’s soils, these elements’ natural or geogensis origin is confirmed

Gastropoda and Bivalvia as Mollusks are invertebrates which have a layer made of calcium carbonate for protecting their soft bodies known as shell. One layer is added to the shell in each stage of growth, like annual rings in a tree. These circles are formed dark or light as well as strong and weak layers. Researchers are trying to find out reasons and conditions of improvement and acceleration or stopple of growth. This field of science known as sclerochronology, can be used to analyze the growth bands of shells. Materials for producing the shell have been absorbed from environment. Therefore, information of environmental and growth conditions have been saved on these layers.The information is resulted from the data in the shells through sclerochronological studies. Therefore, sclerochronological methods are one of the best scientific methods with high accuracy that allows the study of animal growth conditions as well as environmental and climatic changes. These studies as one of sclerochronological methods are known as sclerochemistry. In the last few decades, sclerochronological methods have been considered by researchers in other fields, including paleontologists and archaeologists, in addition to biologists. Contrary to its importance and precision for study of environmental conditions and climatic variation in the past, it is unknown to many researchers. On the other hand, even after the 1940s and the invention of the term sclerochronology, many researchers who had previously used this method to evaluate their hypotheses, especially in oceanography and marine biology, to determine age, growth pattern, and aquatic conditions, have not used the term sclerochronology in their reports. This is the most important reason why sclerochronology remains unknown among researchers. In addition, in sclerochronology we encounter different species of organisms. It makes challenging differences in the study process of growth pattern or sampling for isotopic analysis and access to environmental information. Also, some Species that can be examined are not suitable for answering all the questions. Although, this capability may be lost in some approved species over time and therefore they are no longer suitable for analysis.There are even species that only certain parts of them can be examined. Some cases have made it difficult for new researchers to study related methods, and have limited their studies. This article tries to characterize an important part of these problems by reviewing the background and literature of sclerochronology and sclerochemical methods for reconstruction climatic conditions through library studies.

Lake Urmia is located in the northwest of Iran and is one of the largest permanent super-saline lakes in the world and the largest super-saline lake in the Middle East. In the last two decades, as a result of climate change and decrease in precipitation, increase in temperature and evaporation and many other factors that exacerbate drought, water consumption in the region has increased, as well as the construction of the Shahid Kalantari dam and bypass and the use of water from the rivers feeding the lake for agricultural purposes and A city caused a sharp decrease in the water of the lake. In this research, a conceptual model was presented to investigate the degree of influence and effectiveness and to determine the relative importance coefficients and their ranking by using the Dimetal integration method and the process of fuzzy network analysis and the matrix of effective factors to determine the weight coefficients using the F.D.ANP method, so that the most important parameters affecting To identify the dry land of Lake Urmia. The review of the sub-criteria prioritization showed that all the sub-criteria that are placed after the four management sub-criteria, except for the increase in temperature, decrease in rain and increase in evaporation, if a correct management plan was developed, the conditions of the lake's water drop would not have occurred or would have been much less severe.

Two mechanisms such as horizontal and vertical principal stress can create different fractures and faults in the rocks. The first one is tectonic forces as a result of the motion of plate tectonics and the second one is buoyancy forces as a result of magmatic activity (Ruch et al., 2016). The Kuh-Sefid granite emplaced in the flysch rocks of eastern Iran, southeast of Taftan, and the central part of the Zahedan-Saravan granite belt has provided a good opportunity to study the influence of tectonics and magmatic activity in creating fractures in this region. This granite, metamorphic halo, and surrounding rocks have been affected by different fractures system. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the role of tectonics and the main faults in the emplacement of Kuh-Sefid granite and the creation of obvious lineaments in this mass and the surrounding rocks, which can be a suitable basis for further studies on this little-known area.

In order to analysis of fractures and faults in the study area at the first, the system of fractures and faults in the intrusive mass and host rocks are extracted using remote sensing and satellite image processing. In this study, Landsat 8 satellite images with pass number LC08_L1TP_156041 were used to identify the lineaments. Then, using GIS, these structures were differentiated and categorized based on the orientation, regional maximum stress, and their cross-cutting relationship.

The granite unite has several main north-south lineaments parallel to each other. In metamorphic units, based on the position of this unit in relation to the granite unit, these structures were divided into five equal parts that have different orientations. Lineaments analysis of sedimentary rocks (Flysch): Based on the position of this unit in relation to the granite unit, extracted lineaments were divided into nine equal parts and then the rose diagram of each part was drawn. According to the genetic relationship between fracture structures and the direction of maximum stress in the region (Angelier, 1989; 1991), long lineaments that have displacement along their length were considered faults and used to estimate the direction of the maximum principal stress in the region. Kuh-Sefid granite as the youngest geological unit in the region, the granite mass intruded into the sedimentary rocks and creates a metamorphic halo in them. The existence of systematic fractures of the main mass shows that it was affected by tectonic stresses after cooling, but it should also be noted that the rise of granite masses can cause vertical stress and related fractures in the host rocks. These features have provided a suitable situation to investigate the tectonic history of the region and the effect of the main faults and the rise of the granite mass on creating brittle structures such as fractures and faults. The data obtained from remote sensing studies and statistical analyses of lineaments and faults at a glance show relatively active tectonics affected by different phases in the region According to the obtained, data two-phase of deformation from old to new are suggested. D1: progressive phase, which with the direction of maximum northeast-southeast stress causes the development of northeast-southwest conjugate fractures, and then the activity of faults parallel to Saravan fault provided a suitable environment for the intrusion of granitic mass. Simultaneously with the intrusion of the mass, radial fractures have developed in the surrounding rocks. After cooling and creating a metamorphic halo, the continuation of stress along the same direction has caused conjugate fractures in the main granite mass. Subsequently, the newer phase D2 due to the active tectonics of the region, by creating north-south faults, cuts and displaces all the old structures and Saravan fault.

The extraction of lineaments of the Koh-Sefid granite, the metamorphic halo, and the surrounding flysch rocks show the role of tectonics and magmatic activity in creating of these structures. The study of cross-cutting relationships and the classification of faults and lineaments show two deformation phases in the region. The initial phase, which is proportional to the general stress along the northeast-southwest direction, is a progressive phase, and the final phase, in accommodates the active tectonic regime of the region, acting as north-south dextral strike-slip faults.