نشریه مطالعات نقد زبانی و ادبی
پیاپی 22 (پاییز 1401)

In Nietzsche’s point of view, tragedy includes the real art and culture, because tragedy is contrary to church based on disorder, mortality, injustice and disaster in human life. According to Nietzsche, tragedy introduces us to disorder. Although the approach leads to absurdism and nihilism, it gives birth to art and culture; in another word, mortality is the price that we have to pay for awareness and culture. For Nietzsche and Steiner, old Greece achieved the real art by the birth of tragedy, which Socrates, Plato and Aristotle weakened so that the church could sound the death knell of tragedy later. Now, we have to think about the birth of tragedy once more. The purpose is to say that another type of tragedy has been born after new theater: Folk-tragedy. Whereas ancient great tragedy dealt with death of special characters, in Folk-tragedy, especially the six plays of Folk-tragedy that we examine in this article, tragic death happens to common people, even in everyday life.

In the traditional view, metaphor is the transfer of meaning from one word to another ,it was a part of literary and decorative crafts in words and related to literature. By going through the changes and with the emergence of cognitive linguistics, metaphor became a common phenomenon in everyday speech and an important factor in understanding the realities of the world; In such a way that continental and analytical philosophy have different views on it. During this process, all kinds of comparative, interactive, cognitive, non-cognitive attitudes have been formed. The present article tries to describe the history of metaphor and especially conceptual metaphor from the point of view of meta-structural linguistics. While examining their strengths and weaknesses, open a new window towards the definition of metaphor and its use in literature and common language. In this article, which is done by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, It will be concluded that by giving originality to the word and its comprehensive existence (Logos), which is a transcendental view, the concept of metaphor has been changed . What cognitive linguistics considers as the conceptual metaphor, is only the semantic variable areas of those words in the view of meta-structuralism. key words: Metaphor, Conceptual metaphor, Meta- structuralism, Conceptual fixed field, Conceptual variable fields.

The novel "Night Fun" written by Mohammad Masoud Qomi is one of the valuable works of contemporary literature that can be discussed and analyzed from different angles. This work is written in a realistic and naturalistic way; The naturalist school is one of the literary schools whose starting point is France, and the extreme style is considered the realist school because it discusses the realities in the society as they are and each action and phenomenon not in the domain of supernatural affairs; Rather, it places it in the circle of nature and natural instincts present in the society. This school puts idealism aside and attributes everything to the inheritance of the environment and depicts all the details in reaching this issue. This article examines the naturalistic elements present in the novel Night-time Entertainment with analytical-descriptive method and using library sources and shows that Night-time Entertainment is one of the works in which the components of the naturalistic school, including From the use of colloquial language, the expression of primitive human nature, the explicit expression of sexual relations, sense of emptiness, scientism, the survival of the lineage, the tragic end, etc. are present; But it is not only unethical, but by describing the evil practices in the society of Reza Khan’s time, it seeks to find the right solution for unethical matters.

Arash Azarpeik, in introducing the literary school of deep-oriented phenomenology, presents three systems of farapoetic writing, These three farapoetry systems are:1. Synergistic polyphonic
2. Multiphonic
3. Central synergy

Based on the opinions and works of Arash Azarpeik, in addition to the analysis of the literary genre of metapoetry and its systems, this article deals with a special analysis of its third system, the Central synergy, which organizes the structures of the literary school of deep-oriented phenomenology.
Azarpeik by presenting the following two characteristics
1. Another subject oriented
2. Analytical character
He underlines the keyword "about" from the dictionary of mind and expression and the language of literature,Because in the metapoetic world, these are the characters that reveal themselves in the text, Therefore, as an attitudinal and writing genre outside of all theological and ideological systems, the genre of Merzanafaza presents bio-transcendental methods.
This article, organized in a library, basic, descriptive and analytical form, examines the ideas and lectures of Arash Azarpik.

The topic and field of the leading research is the introduction of the manuscripts of Shamayelol atghiya and Razayelol ashghiya by Roknoddin Dabir Kashani in Cheshtiye. Khaje Moineddin, the secretary of KaShani Kholdabadi, is one of the disciples of Borhaneddin Gharib Hansavi (AD 728). Shamayelol atghiya includes large collections and selections of teachings, letters and the oral news of Sufiya Cheshtiye is in the description and development of the thoughts of Sufis, especially the elders of Cheshtiye in the field of writing. The writing of the book started during the lifetime of Borhaneddin Gharib, a full-view mirror of the mysticism of the eighth century can be seen in this work. From the legacy of Shamayelol atghiya, a top stone version dated 1347 AD has reached the top in Hydarabad Dakan and some non-published versions are also available. Practical Sufism, Zikr,dignity, repentance, allegiance, the relationship between Morid and the Morad, the manners of the cloak, hearing, Yaqza and awakening, etc. are among the important mystical ideas which are examined in this work. The present research is based on document analysis, library materials by writing flash cards method.

Modality is a semantic concept which proposes the speaker's purpose and attitude toward the state of a proposition. Besides, mood is such a tool which is served by modality. In classical grammar sources, at least six types of mood are counted for verbs. All these sources accepted indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods and mentioned other moods such as infinitival, conditional, attributive and vocative. In this article, the latest classification of mood and the concept of modality are discussed and their differences in Persian language. Also, based on the definitions of declarative, subjunctive and imperative moods, it has been found out that in all moods, the speaker’s attitude is involved in the choice of mood on the occurrence or non-occurrence of the verb; because the mood basically shows the level of determination of the speaker on the implementation of the proposition, especially a verb. For all three moods, the central meaning in the "probability of occurrence" can be considered. Therefore, a continuum can be regarded for the verbal mood, in which the occurrence of the verb is certain on one side and improbable on the other side.