نشریه پژوهش های جامعه شناسی معاصر
سال یازدهم شماره 21 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Women’s employment is one of the most important social and cultural issues that still faces obstacles and challenges. One of the most important components in this regard is the attitude of men towards women’s employment. The aim of the present study is to analyze men’s perception and attitudes towards women’s employment. The study was conducted in 2019 in Yazd and the study method is Grounded Theory (GT) of Strauss and Corbin. Based on data saturation criteria and research ethics, 21 men entered the study using Purposeful and theoretical sampling and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed by open, axial and selective coding. which finally led to the extraction of 38 concepts, 7 main categories and 1 core category. The main categories of the research include: causal factors (traditional socialization, unequal gender structures), contextual factors (facilitating platforms for employment acceptance, appropriateness and feminization of the environment and working conditions), intervening factors (value redefinition of women’s jobs), strategies (action compatible and incompatible with the acceptance of women’s employment) and consequences (opportunities and threats of accepting women’s employment). The study found that despite widespread social change, most participants accepted women’s jobs with its social concerns. This acceptance, which was explored in the present study as the conditional belief, is most concerned with the social and cultural contexts on the one hand, and the nature of the job and the context in which women work. Therefore, conditional belief defines women in certain job areas, which, while paying attention to the cultural components of society, does not overshadow the main roles of women in the family. Social and cultural policies are proposed in order to distribute and expand women’s jobs related to social and cultural contexts on the one hand and to preserve the integrity of the family on the other.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of job hope and spiritual-social well-being in students’ academic burnout; The research method is survey and its statistical population is all students of Tabriz University. The sample size is 275 and the sampling method is classes proportional to the volume. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as Pearson correlation, multivariate regression and one-way analysis of variance F were used. The results show that there is a relatively strong and inverse correlation (-0.459) and a significant correlation between 99% (0.000) confidence level between job variability and academic burnout of Tabriz University students; In examining the Pearson correlation coefficient between the social well-being variable and its dimensions with the variable of academic burnout, there are results indicating a significant inverse correlation (-0.415) at a confidence level of 99% (0.000); In examining the degree of correlation between the dimensions of this variable and the dependent variable, the results indicate the existence of an inverse relationship between the dimensions of social cohesion (-0.567), social prosperity (-0.120) and social acceptance (-0.254); finally in examining the Pearson correlation coefficient between the spiritual well-being variable and its dimensions with the variable of academic burnout, there are results indicating a significant inverse correlation (-0/774) at a confidence level of 99% (0.000). The correlation dimension is religious well-being (-0.514) and existential well-being (-0.793); In general, multivariate regression analysis indicates that the sum of independent variables has been able to explain 60% of the changes related to the burnout variable of Tabriz University students. The results of examining the difference between the average rate of student burnout in terms of variables of parental education and ethnicity show that this average is different only in the variable of father education (f = 2.735) with a significance level of 95% (0.044).

The health of any society is based on the health of the family, which itself is affected by the set of interactions that exist among the people of this institution. Meanwhile, the optimal mental health of women and mothers can have a great impact on the health and development of the society. Because the health of women, especially mothers, is one of the basic concepts in social development and welfare. In this regard, the current research was also conducted with the aim of sociologically investigating the relationship between economic capital and cultural capital with the mental health of married women in Tabriz based on Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical framework. The research method used in the present research is survey type. The statistical population includes all married women in Tabriz city, 400 of whom were selected using Cochran’s formula and stratified random sampling as the statistical sample of the research to collect data. Also, SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The tool for collecting information is a questionnaire, and the type of validity of the measurement tool is face validity. Cronbach’s alpha technique was also used to measure reliability. The results of the research indicate that the correlation between cultural capital and economic capital was confirmed with all the variable components of mental health (physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, impaired social functioning, depression). Also, the results of the regression analysis showed that the independent variables of the research explained 38% of the changes in the mental health variable.

It should be accepted that the mutual communication has grown between different regions and cultures of the world has increased and multiculturalism experience. Multicultural experiences allow one to encounter viewpoints that are inconsistent with, and perhaps conflict with, one’s native culture. There are many social and psychological variables that deal with human communication or social interactions and can be affected by multicultural experience; Among them, we can mention emotional intelligence and attachment styles. The aim of the present study was to prediction of Emotional Intelligence and Attachment Styles based on multicultural experiences in the citizens of Nahavand city - Khazal region. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population in this study was the citizens of Khazal region in 1998-99(33000 people). The sampling method was stratified and the sample size was Morgan table with a sample size of 384 people. The data collection tool was in this study questionnaires of multi-cultural experiences of Narvaez and Hil (2009); Hazen and Shivar’s Attachment Styles Scale (1987) and Bar-On’s Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (1997). To analyze the were used data Descriptive statistical indices (mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage) and statistical methods of Pearson correlation, and step-by-step linear regression. The results showed that multicultural experience is able to predict emotional intelligence; Multicultural experience alone explains 0.104 of the variances of emotional intelligence and with Multicultural desire Explain 0.127 of the variance of emotional intelligence. Multicultural desire is able to predict avoidance style and explains 0.4% of the variance of avoidance style. Multicultural experience is able to predict safe style and explains 0.010% of the variance of safe style. Multicultural experience is able to predict ambiguous style and explains 0.012% of the variance of ambivalent style.

In this research, we seek to study the social, cultural, economic, and social trends of the Torkashvand tribe in the contemporary history of Iran. The method of research is ethnographic and the study population is Torkashvand tribe. Data collection techniques in this research are based on interview, observation, map and diagram and data are analyzed based on three stages: data division and organization, interpretation and reporting. The findings show that: 1. Torkashvand consisted of 6 tribes (Rahmat, Suleiman, Gorgeh, Merashu, Melijan, Mirazi) and the nomadic territory of this tribe from the north is to Alvand mountains of Hamedan, from the east to Boroujerd and Khorramabad from the west to Qasr Shirin, Gilangharb and Ilam and from the south to Dasht Abbas and Khuzestan. 3. Government bankrupts the tribes by the land reform program and importing frozen meat and live cattle from other countries bankrupts. In addition. The need for simple labor due to the development of factories, assemblies and assembly industries along with urban attractions provided the settlement of a part of Torkashvand tribe in Kangavar city. 2. The settlement of nomads during the Reza Shah period, a number of tribes were forced to settle for two years in areas such as Hamedan, Kangavar, Sahneh and Mahidasht, after a while, and especially with the fall of the first Pahlavi, they returned to Nomadism. 4. After 1957, the government, by controlling imports, led to a resurgence of animal husbandry and the continuation of nomadism among some members of the tribe. The stabilization of urban life and its increasing attractiveness, the monogamy of the Turkashvand tribe also continued.

The primitive Images on the walls of the caves indicate the desire of humans to represent their lives or express their wishes. These motifs have an undeniable relationship with the macro realities of the production method, political system, power hierarchy and value system. We examine these axes by focusing on the photo as a text. Based on theory and method of semiotics and poststructuralist discourse analysis, we have tried to describe these pictorial texts in the first place; then analyzed the implicit meanings and secondary meanings of the photographs; and Finally, analyzed their relation to the dominant social and discourse trends in the three periods of Qajar, Pahlavi and the first decade after the Islamic Revolution of 1979. The field of the research is family photos in Kermanshah and finally 32 sample photos were selected and analyzed. The analysis of photos of the Qajar period shows the dominance of the patriarchal discourse and assigning the phenomenon of photography to the elite and political class. During the first period of Pahlavi, photography was popular among the wealthy class, and in Pahlavi II, among the wealthy and middle class; in the first period of patriarchy, modernism (Westernization) and in the second period, feminism and consumerism are the central signifiers. In the post-Islamic revolution period, (1980d) with the spread of photography tools among the common people, we can see traditional clothing, the creation of an intimate atmosphere among family members and the reduction of patriarchal discourse. Findings show that overall the process of developments in Kermanshah and national developments in this area are similar. Also, in this historical process, technology has served the wishes of the ruling discourses, but in case of differences between the two, technology has gone its own way and was not necessarily at the command of the rulers.

Awareness of citizens’ citizenship rights and duties in the affairs of society is one of the most challenging topics, based on this, the purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between social trust and awareness of citizenship rights with the mediating role of political capital among the citizens of Ahvaz city, from the point of view of Sociological methods have been used in this regard.

This research is a survey and the tool for collecting information is a researcher’s questionnaire. The statistical population of the research includes citizens aged 20 to 65 in Ahvaz city, whose sample size was determined based on Cochran’s formula of 526 people, and after separating the incomplete questionnaires, 506 were collected and analyzed. Analysis of the collected data was also done using Amos and Spss software. In terms of time, this research was carried out in 1399-1400.

The research results show that the variables of social trust and political capital have a significant effect on the dependent variable (awareness of citizenship rights). Also, the results showed that the variable of political capital has a mediating role in the relationship between social trust and the variable of awareness of citizenship rights. In the measurement model section; Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, composite reliability, average variance extracted and factor loadings for all research constructs, and in the structural model section, T-Value indices, path coefficients, coefficient of determination, show that the final model has acceptable results. . Based on the findings, the average of the combined index of the variables is evaluated at the medium level. In total, the variables of the research were able to explain 55% of the variance of the variable of awareness of citizenship rights.

The results show that the model has an acceptable fit and the two variables of social trust and awareness of citizenship rights have a high average.

The city is generally known for impersonal social relations, anonymity, self-restraint and superficial and transitory relations. But the city also gives other characteristics such as family ties and kinship, neighborhood and relationships between friends, both overtly and covertly, in the context of self-training. Simmel and Wirth’s approach refers to the impersonal and individualistic relationships of the city, and Gans and Fischer’s approach focuses on family ties and friends, and Jacobs’s approach focuses on the social relationships of neighborhoods. This research seeks to show that there are Gemeinschaft social relations in Hamedan and this hypothesis of modern urban theorists can be disputed. For this reason, structural analysis has been used to analyze social relations. A survey method was used with cluster sampling in four different urban areas with 400 tested questionnaires. dimensions of social relationships including distance and closeness (relationship size); the amount of commuting, desire to commute (number of relationships); Trust, a feeling of friendship and help (relationship intensity). These dimensions have been measured among family, relatives, friends, neighbors and local residents and friends. It is a family analysis unit. Families show a very high level of communication, willingness to communicate, trust, feeling of friendship and helping their family members, close relatives. Although the level of trust and friendship of people with friends is not very high compared to family relations and close relatives, but compared to local residents and neighbors, they have a much better situation. This confirms the hypothesis of the research based on the fact that there are Gemeinschaft social relations in the neighborhoods of the city. At the same time, significant differences can be seen between the mentioned dimensions of social relations between the four urban areas. The affluent area is at a low level in terms of Gemeinschaft relationships and is different from the other three areas.

The importance of social capital in creating happiness has led to various researches and studies around the world, including Iran, from which often contradictory results are obtained. Given such circumstances, re-research in this field, on the one hand, increases the inflation of research and data, and on the other hand, strengthens the perception of social research as vague, unproductive and even impractical research. It is necessary to re-examine and analyze all the researches in the form of meta-analysis. In this way, we first reached 49 studies by considering the criteria that were in accordance with the input criteria, and after a more detailed study and considering the exit criteria, 31 studies were selected for this research by meta-analysis method. The results of this study in the field of the relationship between social capital and happiness showed a significant relationship between these two variables and the extent of this relationship according to Cohen’s interpretive system is moderately high. The results also showed that social capital has a different effect on happiness by adjusting the four variables of “dimensions of social capital”, “unit of analysis”, “field of study of researchers” and “geographical area of research”.

This research aims at the attitude towards the meaning of child among couples who live in Tehran in the 2011-2020. Todays changes and transformations that have occurred in the field of the family is a multi-causal matter, one of the most important of these causes is the identity changes in the young generation and young couples. These developments are inevitable and necessary for the world that surrounds us. Accordingly, a large part of gender roles and traditional and relatively fixed identity sources have lost their priority for today’s modern man and have provided him with newer possibilities for presenting himself and feeling valuable. The couple’s attitude towards the child (as one of these transformations), as much as it is an individual or marital decision and choice, can be a construction of the change of the couple’s identity in the new era, in both ways (whether they want child or not) will have different consequences on the couples of the last decade compared to the couples of previous generations. The method of this data theory is the foundation. The data required for this research is the result of a semi-structured interview with 24 young couples living in Tehran. The method of selecting the participants is purposeful and accessible and determining their number upon reaching the saturation stage has been determined. Based on the results of the research, the central phenomenon of “priority of freedom over constraint”, as the general axis of the research, explains the attitude towards children among young couples.

As one of the most important media portals, television transmits many messages to the audience openly and secretly on a daily basis. These messages play a decisive role in shaping consumer tastes and public opinion. In the meantime, children are one of the most important audiences for television programs, especially the advertising genre. Enters and affects their economic and consumption behaviors and those of their parents. Therefore, the present study seeks to semiotically examine the presence of children in television advertising. With a qualitative semiotic approach, this study examines eleven TV commercials in which the child plays the main role. The results of the research showed that children in the context of these advertisements are in a passive and powerless position against the powerful force of technology. The result of this confrontation between the powerless and the powerful is the discipline of children’s bodies, their submission and uniformity through the control and order induced by the media with an emphasis on the transcendental capacity of technological products. What is evident in these advertisements is the forms of training and upbringing of the child for early adulthood.

Historical sociology has a special place in the field of social studies of Iranian history and Iran as a society with a long history is one of the important contexts of this type of studies. In this study, we have dealt with Ali Shariati’s approach to one of the most important historical periods of Iranian society, namely the Safavid rule and we have tried to explore “commemoration of the martyrs of karbela” as a social institution that builds sociology. In this article, we have tried we have tried from a critical point of view Safavid religious tolerance and Criticize Shariati’s perspective. In our opinion, Shariati mistakenly considers social tolerance, which also had religious backgrounds, as one of the weaknesses of the Safavids and Calls Georgian-Armenian Christian migration and Safavid economic development based on an active Armenian / Christian-Jewish system the product of mysterious hands. Perhaps if the systems has been strengthened and social tolerance did not decline in the Safavid Empire, the history of the rise of capitalism would have been written differently, but in the reading of a multi-voiced Shari’a and the diversity of religions and polytheists in the Safavid era. One of the signs of Safavid \”very close and mysterious relations\” with the Christian West is considered. In other words, with the approach of historical sociology, some complex issues of Iranian history and modernity can be proposed and re-read in a new conceptual context.