Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences
Volume:12 Issue: 1, Spring 2023

Professional socialization is the process of accepting professional roles. Nursing students can undergo a transition from a student role to a professional nurse by gaining learning experiences and acquiring the necessary competencies of the profession. Accordingly, this study was conducted to explain the understanding of nursing students about the process of professional socialization. The present qualitative study was conducted using the conventional content analysis method. The participants included 18 students who were selected using purposive sampling. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman’s qualitative content analysis method. The analysis of the data led to the identification of one main theme and three subthemes. The core theme that emerged in this study was acquiring socialization skills and the subthemes included mental images and professional expectations, social status and professional values, and professional accountability and teamwork. These themes illustrate the participants’ perception of professional socialization. The findings showed that from the perspective of students, mental images and professional expectations as well as professional values and teamwork cause a sense of calmness, confidence, and professional belonging in them and improve their social responsiveness.

Nurses working in pediatric wards face many challenges when caring for sick children of different ages due to their physical and mental needs, especially if they have not been trained professionally. Nursing students and nurses are faced with ethical challenges in pediatric wards, hence their experiences can help identify the ethical problems in the healthcare setting. Since the explanation of ethical challenges depends on the context and factors such as values, beliefs, and hospital culture, this study aimed to explain the ethical challenges associated with caring for sick children based on the experiences of nursing students.

This qualitative study used conventional content analysis to investigate the experiences of undergraduate and postgraduate nursing students and nurses working in pediatric wards selected by purposive sampling. Data collection tools were interviews and field notes. Data were categorized via MAXQDA10 and analyzed using conventional content analysis.

The participants included 3 pediatric nurses and 17 nursing students. The mean age of the participants was 24.9 ± 1.2. The findings of the study revealed the main theme i.e., ethical challenges associated with caring for sick children, was classified into two main categories including care challenges and organizational constraints. Care challenges were classified into the following subcategories: feeling worried when caring for sick children, compassionate care, emotional needs of children, inattention to family-centered care, and insufficient capability of the healthcare team. Organizational constraints were classified into facility constraints and hospital managers’ inattention to the environmental design of pediatric wards.

The results of the study showed that the ethical challenges associated with caring for sick children were related to the healthcare team and organizational management. With the provision of appropriate training for nurses, as well as proper planning and implementation of policies to standardize the pediatric wards, nurses can provide nursing care to this age group with the least amount of moral distress.

Ethical care is concerned with aspects of work that may influence nurses’ ethical behavior. Intensive care units might expose nurses to moral judgment while caring. This qualitative study aimed to explain the nurses’ experience of moral judgment in intensive care units. The present qualitative study was conducted using the conventional content analysis method. The participants of the study included 23 nurses working in the intensive care units (ICU, CCU, NICU) of four hospitals affiliated with Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences who were selected using purposive sampling. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The questions asked in the interviews included, “Would you please describe one working day of yours caring in the intensive care units?” and “While caring, did you have to hesitate to make a decision ethically? If yes, would you describe that situation?” The Data were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. Data collection and analysis led to the identification of 1 theme, 6 categories, and 23 subcategories. The identified theme was “intensified tension and conflict following ethical patient care in the intensive care units” and the categories were “repeated exposure to stress in ethical patient care in the intensive care units”, “ethical care originated from the nurses’ beliefs”, “moral judgment in care affected by the patient’s clinical condition”, “moral judgment as a consequence of clinical judgment”, “ethical care based on organizational and legal conditions in the moral environment”, and “requirements of ethical care”. The nurses in the intensive care units deal with ethical issues and are under a lot of stress. The results of this study can help nursing authorities pay more attention to developing ethical knowledge and ethical considerations in hospitals and provide organizational support to identify the moral tensions of nurses in intensive care units.

Incivility is a kind of disrespect to people. Students and faculty members agree on the growing trend of incivility. Uncivil behaviors in online nursing classes are a serious global issue that can influence the learning-teaching process and threaten patient safety in the clinical setting. This study aimed to identify incivility in the online learning environment from the perspective of nursing faculty members and students. This descriptive qualitative study was conducted in 2021. A total of 20 participants were selected from among nursing students and faculty through purposive sampling. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed via a qualitative content analysis approach. Data analysis revealed five categories including ghost students, unconditional freedom, disruptive learning behaviors, academic dishonesty, and ignoring the rules of the online learning environment. Incivility in the online learning environment disrupts the teaching-learning process and undermines instructor-student relationships. Given that disrespectful and threatening behaviors, even to a small degree, can significantly affect the learning environment, it is essential to recognize such behaviors. As uncivil behaviors in virtual nursing education can affect education by developing inappropriate behavioral and communication patterns in students, leading to the violation of professional ethics and patients’ rights, it is necessary to pay attention to this critical issue by conducting further studies and designing interventions to correct it.

A nudge can cause favorable behavioral changes in line with organizational goals and even increase productivity, satisfaction with, and trust in healthcare organizations. Nurses must make sound and fast decisions to meet patient needs and perform the necessary interventions as they have limited time to stop and logically analyze what actions they must take. Besides, sometimes people make decisions that are not bad for them, but they need to receive help to make better choices. Hence, nudging strategies can help them to make more effective decisions. To this end, the present study aimed to identify the reasons for using nudges in healthcare organizations. Following interpretive philosophy and a qualitative approach, the present study sought to identify the reasons for using nudges. This study was conducted using a grounded theory approach based on Colaizzi’s seven-step data analysis method. The research population included nurses working in private and public hospitals in Kerman. The participants were 15 nurses who were selected through purposive sampling until the data were saturated. Data analysis showed people tend to use nudges for individual reasons such as minimizing mistakes at work, reducing stress, valuable changes, decreasing the risk of criticism, reducing the halo effect and stereotyping errors, preserving the personality, not losing freedom, cognitive limitations, increasing the probability of accepting the message, and maintaining relationships; managerial reasons such as flexible and gradual nature of nudges, risk management, extra-role behaviors, safety, the elimination of unnecessary formalities, ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and behavior management; and finally organizational reasons such as increasing productivity, creating a favorable climate, promoting a culture of criticism, win-win strategy, increasing trust in the organization, and risk management tools. The data in this study revealed that staff in healthcare organizations tend to use nudges for individual, managerial, and organizational reasons. An awareness of these reasons helps healthcare organizations to use nudging strategies in emergencies and in a limited period to change employees’ behavior in line with organizational goals and policies.

Numerous studies have investigated parental influence, especially the influence of parenting styles on children’s development. Accordingly, the present study aimed to identify the components of a native parenting style by exploring the lived experiences of mothers with successful female children.
This qualitative study was conducted using a descriptive phenomenological design to explore the lived experiences of the mothers of female students in the second year of high school in Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran, in the academic year 2018-2019. The participants were selected using purposive sampling. Thus, successful girls were identified from among the students who had a GPA of at least 18 and based on their responses to the items in the Psychological Wellbeing Scale (Ryff, 1989), Keyes Social Well-Being Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Diener Satisfaction with Life Scale. Finally, 14 students with success criteria were selected. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the students’ mothers. The collected data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step approach.
A total of 93 primary codes identified in this study were categorized into 23 categories and six main themes: 1) Disciplinary practices (encouragement, punishment, control, and authority), 2) valuing the child (delegating responsibility, paying attention to the child’s interests, giving independence, and giving character to the child), 3) positive emotional interactions (intimacy, mature interactions, educational flexibility, acceptance, and recreation and fun activities), 4) establishing boundaries in applying childrearing practices (maternal role, parental agreement, and the central role of parents in childrearing), 5) understanding (family cohesion, family respect, and fair treatment) and 6) parenting dynamics (serving as a role model, gathering information, guiding the child, and fixing parental problems in the child).
In the present study, a component-based model was developed, which seems to be effective in improving parenting styles and children’s conditions.

Psychology is one of the important disciplines dealing with mental health. Psychology students develop a set of professional competencies during their studies. The present study sought to explore the experiences of psychology students and assess the development of their professional competencies in the workplace. This qualitative study was conducted using a thematic analysis approach. The data were collected through 27 in-depth semi-structured interviews with 24 Ph.D. candidates in psychology who were completing their dissertations and 2 interviews with 2 professors of psychology. The data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s six-step thematic analysis. The findings revealed the main themes, subthemes, and main categories. Lincoln and Guba’s criteria were used to increase the trustworthiness of the findings. The core theme identified in this study was professional competencies developed during academic studies. Besides, the five subthemes underlying professional competencies were creating and maintaining empathy, building a mutual understanding, enhancing confidentiality, being human and seeing others as human, and getting out of absolutism. The findings reported in the present study suggested that professional competencies are developed in psychology students during their studies according to their professional and clinical experience. Accordingly, providing adequate experiences can contribute to developing and promoting professional competencies in students.

To increase the accountability of hospitals and ensure that patients receive appropriate treatment at any time of the day, resident physicians perform the necessary diagnostic and therapeutic procedures during non-office hours. This study aimed to analyze the resident physician program from theory to practice.
The present study was a qualitative one. The participants included 27 experts selected from university and hospital managers as well as specialist doctors. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews based on purposive and snowball sampling and the process of data collection continued until data saturation. Then, the interviews were transcribed, meaning units were determined, data were coded, the identified codes were categorized based on similarities and differences, and the themes were identified and finally analyzed and interpreted using the content analysis method.
In the present study, 4 main themes, 11 subthemes, and 46 components were identified using framework analysis. The themes related to the goals and outcomes of the program, the accountability of the centers, and the indicators had the same results in theory and practice, and this program improved them. However, regarding financing, monitoring, and implementing the program, as well as payments, there was a wide gap between theory and practice.
Considering the opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses of the resident physician program, the results of this study can propose a comprehensive model based on the perception of health managers and experts involved in the implementation of the program. Therefore, it is suggested to consider local conditions and patterns in prioritizing the criteria for fields of study.

The sudden spread of the coronavirus in the world has affected the healthcare system of countries worldwide, while the policymakers did not have enough time to adapt and adjust the response, which has led to unprecedented disruption in the global healthcare system. Since the healthcare system of any country is the basic foundation for to fight against COVID-19 at the national level, the question has become a serious concern, is the current healthcare system qualified to respond to the pandemic?. Evidence shows that, despite all advances in the past decades, the sudden outbreak of Covid-19 has made health care systems incapable of managing the disease, especially in the field of diagnosis and screening. In Iran, besides all the common challenges of COVID-19, international sanctions and the traditional nature of the healthcare system have doubled the challenge of controlling Covid-19. Iran's healthcare system must be updated based on artificial intelligence technology and the Internet of Things to deal with the present and possible future mutations. Remote medicine and care are among the most critical components. This update leads to reducing face-to-face visits, remote service delivery, clinical decision-making, compensating for the lack of human resources, and creating patient-centered collaboration through the medical data sharing system to prevent the spread of the virus. And finally, it is essential to use the experiences of other countries to improve the health system. Establishing public-private partnership Entering, empowering, training, and enhancing the skills of the medical community to adapt to digital methods and technologies, implementing the public health care system, paying attention to the technology of hardware and software infrastructures and the culture of using Information technology in the health system helps in improving the structure from being traditional to digital.