پژوهشنامه زبان ادبی
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1402)

One of the goals of a literary text is to create literary pleasure, and the more the reader's mind tries to discover it, the more enjoyable and stable it becomes. The element of rhetoric is considered one of the main elements of the literary text that is effective in creating literary pleasure, and it is the opposite of literary arrays in the field of rhetoric, which is mostly used in poetry. The poet creates opposition by placing two things against each other. Sometimes the contrast is obvious in the words and its meaning is understood without the slightest thought, and sometimes it is so hidden in the context of the poem that it cannot be revealed except through interpretation. Since the reader's mind is involved in interpretation and discovery of contrast, he gets double literary pleasure from the text. In this article, which is written in analytical-rhetorical method, interpretive contrast is introduced and analyzed as one of the types of contrast in rhetoric. Although this rhetorical element can be found in most Persian poems, in this article Hafez and Saadi's poems in Iraqi style and Saeb and Hazin in Indian style have been discussed. The interpretative contrasts of this writing have been examined in four categories: vocabulary, irony, allusion and in general in the scope of Ghazal. The results of the research show that the poets have carefully thought out and calculated the choice of words, the use of literary arrays, especially allusion and irony, as well as creating themes in sonnets, carefully and carefully to engage the audience's mind. By interpreting the text, make his literary pleasure more and more stable.

An adjective in Persian is a word other than a noun that comes with a noun or noun group; it binds the meaning and explains it. There are different types of adjectives. This research tries to carefully examine the adjective in detail, to deal with its meta-directive role in processing of space-building figures, and the writer's literary school, drawing scenes and its literary functions, and to answer the questions about the nature of the literary and semantic function of the adjective in the novel Tangsir and the collection of short stories of Antar( monkey  figure of the story) whose Louti (trainer ) had died. By analyzing the data in a descriptive-analytical method, we came to the conclusion that adjectives, are very effective in constructing and processing characters, expressing their views, relationships and thinking of characters towards each other, as well as in constructing literary arrays such as metaphor, synesthesia and  literary highlighting and  in constructing the dominate atmosphere of the story through the frequency of the adjectives , the darkness or lightness of the adjectives and some features such as physical features and the type of structure of the adjective. From category cognition point of view, by examining the frequency of the traits used, we came to the conclusion that the frequency of the prototype adjectives, both in the novel and in the short story series, is higher than the non-prototype adjective. The author has mostly used simple expressive adjectives, and most of these adjectives are the prototype adjectives, That is, they have the highest degree of being of an adjective and are used around the first character or the protagonist.

Halliday's theory of functional linguistics explores language and its structure in terms of the meaning of the text and shows how context and meaning organize the particular language of a text. The theory reveals the relationship between language, meaning, society and culture in three domains, namely ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction, and textual metafunction. Examining and analyzing the literary text from the perspective of each of the domains of this functional theory—ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions—leads to an objective and scientific interpretation of the text. In the present study, we have offered a reading of one of the stories from Aboutorab Khosravi's The Destroyed Book story collection, namely "The Picnic", focusing on the ideational metafunction in Halliday's systematic functional linguistics, and have shown how the author's narrative mindset and postmodernist discourse governing the story are represented through language and the transitive structure of clauses which are realized through verb processes, process participants, and circumstantial elements. The findings of the linguistic analysis of the text and the statistical data of the research were in line with the semantic system of the text and the ontological and postmodernist field of the narrative. We also analyzed the two circumstantial elements of time and place, due to their high frequency in the narrative, based on Bakhtin’s Chronotope Theory, and showed how these circumstantial elements that formed the temporal-spatial continuum of the narrative framed the conceptual and semantic system of the narrative and how the narrator's experience of reality and the world around him is represented through verb processes and transitive structures.

Norm avoidance is one of the topics that is discussed in the field of linguistics, and one of the ways to create a literary work is to use norm avoidance techniques. Leach, one of the prominent figures of English formalism, considers one of the types of norm avoidance to be dialectic. In his opinion, whenever a poet or writer uses words from a specific regional dialect that are not in the standard language, in his work, he uses dialectical norm avoidance. With the help of this technique, he tries to convey to the audience a relative knowledge of the local environment and the climatic and cultural characteristics of a region. Moniro Ravani pour introduced the Bushehri dialect in her works. She has been very successful in this way due to her life experience. In this research, using an analytical-descriptive approach and based on Leach's theory of dialectal deviation in eight works of her and their frequency was determined. The obtained results show that the use of dialect words in the works of Ravipour varies depending on the environment. The stories narrated in the rural environment of the south have a higher dialectal frequency than the stories in the urban.

Halliday's SFG is one of the theories that is effective in the analysis of literary texts. In this theory,the understanding of language,language uses is formed in context of situation,social context. From Halliday's point of view,context of situation is a sign that has three components,and each component corresponds to one of the triple metafunctions of language. In comparative study of literary texts,analysing of each of these metafunctions cause to understand the meaning of the text,the attitude of the speaker of the text about the subject. In this article,based on this theory,the elegies written by two contemporary poets,Sohrab Sepehri,Ahmed Shamloo,in the mourning for Forough Farrokhzad are studied. By studying transitional structure,logical – semantic structure,taxis structure,modal structure,theme – rheme structure,and information structure as well as non-structural relations cause to understad the linguistic,textual differences,similarities of these two texts. The research method is qualitative,quantitative. This study shows tht Shamloo tends to represent the outer world in his elegies,Sepehri tends to represent the inner world. Shamloo considers his audience,i.e. Forough Farrokhzad,present,therefore uses the present tense,while Sepehri only uses the past tense considering the audience absent.

Aesthetics is an ability to better understand perceptions as well as phenomena such as music that causes a change in a person's mood and attitude. In fact, the definition of beauty can be very broad or very narrow. Some have tried to define beauty in an objective matter especially to search: for example, in different types of art, objects, nature and other subjects. But the aesthetic value of a work becomes perceptible when it can present itself to the observer as an art independent of the mind and make her mind active. Because the areas of aesthetics are one of the prominent theories in aesthetics, which is considered a subset of linguistics. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the content elements and functions of Qazdari's poetry and their effect on the prominence of the concept of her poetry and inducing its meanings to the audience has given a special meaning and its purpose is to explain what beauty is and how we understand it and also to analyze those beauties has been used. The data of this research has determined that: Qazdari has never sacrificed the content and theme, including the beautiful features that can be mentioned in Qazdari's poems in order to induce concepts and content. They talk about the science of her poetry.