نشریه بهره برداری و پرورش آبزیان
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1402)

Eichhornia crassipes is one of the invasive and non-native aquatic plants of the Anzali wetland. In the present study, the effect of aqueous, aqueous-ethanolic (50:50), and ethanolic solvents was investigated on the amount of antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from different parts (leaf, stem, and root) of water hyacinth with Immersion (solvent) extraction method. Total phenol content, free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, and iron-reducing power were measured. The results showed that the highest amount of total phenol and the highest free radical neutralizing activity was related to the aqueous extract of the leaf, which had a significant difference from other treatments (P<0.05). The highest total antioxidant activity was related to the aqueous-ethanolic extract of the leaf, which had a significant difference from other treatments (P<0.05), and the highest iron reducing power was related to the aqueous extract of the leaf (P<0.05). The extract obtained from the leaf had higher antioxidant properties than the stem and root. According to the results, aquatic water hyacinth can be used as a cheap and suitable natural antioxidant source.

The alpha-17-methyltestosterone is one of the androgens hormone involved in the sexual cycle and is used to increase growth and change sexual secondary charactristics. The aim of this study was to induction of masculinization in Xiphophorus helleri. in this experiment, fish in experimental groups including: Control group, 17 alpha-methyl testosterone with 3 levels (400, 300 and 500 mg/kg diet), aromasin with levels (45, 30 and 60 mg/kg diet) and green light radiation (12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness) each with 3 repetitions for 45 days. Results showed that in group with 45 mg aromasin /kg diet (79.9%) higher percentage of masculinization were observed. The percentage of masculinization in females treated in treatment green light was significantly higher than other treatmens. Also, The percentage of survival in the green light group and aromasin was higher than 17 alpha-methyl testosterone group. In general, according to the results of masculinization, the percentage of masculinization in females treated with 45 mg aromasin/kg diet and green light treatment were recognized as the highest results, respectively. Overall, the results showed that in order to induction of masculinization in swordfish, Aromasin could be a suitable alternative to methyltestosterone.

Awareness of the amount of aquatic stocks in each water source is one of the first and most basic information needed to manage of fishery stocks. The Babylon snail species has commercial and export value and its catch has increased in recent years and has not been studied yet. In the present study, the exploitation status of Babylon snail was evaluated by sampling four fishing areas of this species in the north of the Oman Sea (Iran) including Pasabandar, Bris, Pozm and Konarak from September 2021 to September 2022. Biometric analysis was performed on a total of 2779 Babylonian snail specimens. The mean length (standard deviation) and weight (standard deviation) of total snails were 34 ± 5 in the range of 19 - 64 mm and 12 ± 5 in the range of 2- 66 g, respectively. Growth and mortality indices include infinite length (mm) L∞ = 71, growth coefficient K = 0.35 (yr-1), natural mortality M = 0.5 (yr-1), fishing mortality F = 1.75 (yr-1); Total mortality was calculated Z = 2.25 ± 0.29 and exploitation coefficient E = 0.78. Babylon snails have a recruitment in all months of the year and have two major recruitment peaks during the year. The Production per biomass (P/B) 2.15 ± 0.23 in the range of 2.38 - 1.92 and the average annual production is 12 ± 3 per year in the range of 9 - 15. The present study showed that the exploitation coefficient of this species was not desirable and it should be in order to maintain and sustain fishing of this species, appropriate measures should be considered, including reduction of exploitation.

Nowadays, the use of immune supplements in aquaculture has become a serious need due to the high prevalence of diseases. For a long time, researchers have been interested in finding suitable, economical and environmentally safe immunostimulant. It is necessary to use these stimulants as feed or water additives to strengthen the immune system and increase resistance to challenging pathogens. Probiotics, prebiotics, plant extracts, micro and macroalgae and essential oils have been widely evaluated in aquaculture. Brown algae are a large group of algae that are widely distributed in marine environments. Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from brown seaweed. Due to its numerous physiological and biological properties, it has attracted the attention of many researchers. Fucoidan extracted from brown algae has various biological functions, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, anticoagulant, antioxidant, and growth promoter. Given the biological functions of fucoidan, the present paper reviewed the effects on growth, antioxidant capacity and disease resistance in various aquatic animals.

Large invertebrates are known as biological indicators of their living environments. The present study was carried out in line with the quality monitoring studies of Zhaveh dam, which was constructed on the two branches of Gheshlagh and Gaveh River (Kurdistan Province). The purpose of this study was to investigate the large invertebrates in the river in order to determine the density and abundance of different large invertebrates and the quality of river water based on Hilsenhoff biological index. Large invertebrates sampling was done seasonally from autumn 2020 to summer 2021(4 seasons) at 5 stations with 3 replications. Samples were fixed with 70% ethyl alcohol and isolated, counted and counted in the laboratory. Large invertebrates were identified using a stereomicroscope and a valid key. The Hilsenhoff biological index was determined based on the presence of samples at each station. The results of the study of large invertebrates in different seasons and during one year showed that organisms belonging to 10 families from 5 order belonging to Hirudinea, Insecta, Crustacea, Oligochaeta and Bivalvia. Results showed that the highest abundance belonged to station 5 (34%) and lowest abundance belonged to station 2 (7%). The highest value of Hilsenhoff index was observed in spring (7.45) and the lowest value of this index was related to autumn (6.79). According to the HFBI Biological index, the water quality was classified as very poor and highly polluted due to its proximity to the effluent outlet of the treatment plant and further investigations are suggested for any exploitation.

Formic acid is simplest member of carboxylic acid family. The effects of formic acid on growth, blood indices, and immune parameters of goldfish fry were examined over 60 days. The goldfish fries (mean weight of 5.10±0.15g) were randomly allocated to four experimental treatments with three replications (25 pieces in each replication) including control treatment (no formic acid) and three treatments which received formic acid (10, 20, 30 gr/ kilogram diet). The results indicated that growth indices (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor, and FCR) were significantly different between the control and experimental treatments. The final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and status index in the formic acid treatments had a significant increase compared to the control group. In addition, adding formic acid to goldfish fry food ration improved blood factors and immunity in the fish. The results of study showed that inclusion of folic acid resulted an increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin, number of red blood cells, number of white blood cells, lysozyme, immunoglobin, and total immunoglobin compared to the control group. In general, adding folic acid to the food of goldfish fry improved growth parameters along with blood and immune parameters. According to obtained results, a diet containing 10 g/kg diet proposed to enhance growth performance and immunity of goldfish.

The present study has done to evaluating the exploitation status and estimating the reference points of the Caspian roach in the southeast coast of the Caspian Sea in four time periods 2009-2011, 2012-2014, 2015-2017 and 2018-2020 using the LBB model.The relative biomass (B/B0) values for the species in four time periods were calculated as 0.32, 0.14, 0.04 and 0.13, respectively, which indicated that the lowest and highest depletion rate are 68 and 96%, which are related to the first and third time periods, respectively. The ratio of fishing mortality to natural mortality (F/M) varied from 1.16 in the period of 2009-2011 to 8.79 in the period of 2015-2017. The ratios of M/K, F/K and Z/K obtained from the data of the entire sampling period were estimated as 1.44, 3.94 and 5.38, respectively. In different periods of time, the values of these indices fluctuated so that the highest value of M/K and the other two indices corresponded to the first and third periods, respectively. According to indicator B/Bmsy, the Caspian roach stock in the period of 2015-2017 was in a collapsed status and in other years it was grossly exploited. Therefore, the results of the model show that the amount of harvesting is now more than the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and the stock is severely decreasing and in a critical state. The values of F/M and B/B0 also confirmed the greatl overfished status. In general, the results of the LBB model confirm that the fishing resources of the Caspian roach in the coastal waters of the South Caspian Sea have greatly decreased and are in danger of extinction, and it is necessary to provide more effective and strict management measures to recovery/rebulding the abundance of the Caspian roach stock and save/conserve its stock.

Variability in growth allometry of two prawn species Palaemon adspersus and Palaemon elegans was investigated in the Gorgan Bay, SE Caspian Sea, during a period between May 2019 and April 2020. Resalts showed that females grew to a larger size than males in both species. The weight growth of females was faster than length growth in P. adspersus (Log TW = -5.3975 + 3.2018Log TL), while in P. elegans the length growth of males was faster than weight growth (Log TW = -4.9019 + 2.8758Log TL). In P. adspersus TL – CL relationship was CL = 0.2162TL + 0.002 for females and CL = 0.2087TL + 0.0096 for males. In P. elegans TL – CL relationship was CL = 0.2451TL – 0.0908 for females and CL = 0.2043TL + 0.0372 for males. TL – CL relationships were nagative allometry in both sexes of two species. Mean condition factor (CF) of females was larger than that of males in both species, and it was observed significant difference in the mean condition factor between species and month.

In the fishing season of 2018, fishing information, atmospheric and marine information were collected for investigating the effect of environmental factors on the amount of catch per unit effort (CPUE) of banana shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis) and Sartiz (Metapanaeus affinis) in Bandar Abbas, Qeshm and Bandar Kolahi by Means of ranking tests, permutation test and regression calculations.According to the result obtained during 49 trawl operations, the total weight of shrimp was 1932 kg, including 1379 kg of Banana shrimp with an average of 12.56 (with a 95% confidence interval of 9.68 to 15.45) kg/hour and Jinga shrimp with an average of 5.18 (with about 95% confidence was recorded (3.69 to 6.68) kg/h. The RDA ranking chart showed that the CPUE of Banana shrimp had a direct and significant relationship with the factors including depth, rainfall, and sea surface temperature. In addition, it had a slight relationship with wind speed, cloudiness, humidity, salinity, and wave height. Instead, Jinga shrimp CPUE was directly related to salinity and sea surface temperature and was inversely related to wave height and humidity. Based on the permutation test results, these relationships were not significant. The effect of environmental factors on Banana shrimp CPUE by regression calculations showed that the variables of floating speed and salinity (P<0.01) and humidity and cloudiness (P<0.05) were significant in the negative binomial regression model. The pseudo-Poisson model indicated the variables of sea surface temperature (P<0.05) and salinity (P<0.1) had a significant effect on the CPUE of Jinga shrimp. The present study shows the extent and manner of influence (direct or inverse) of environmental factors on the amount of successful shrimp fishing.

Nowadays, finding natural antioxidants from marine sources is interesting. In this regard, seaweeds are very important. In this study, the antioxidant properties of two species of brown algae Sargassum tenerrimum and green algae Valoniopsis pachynema, and the effect of different solvents on the extraction of the antioxidant compounds were investigated. Algae were collected from Tis and Ramin beaches in the Chabahar. After drying and powdering, it was extracted by dichloromethane, methanol, chloroform, and hexane. Then the antioxidant power of concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/mL of the extracts was analyzed using DPPH free radical scavenging methods, reducing power and iron ion chelating activity, in order to determine the best extract with the antioxidant properties. The highest percentage of radical inhibition was obtained in S. tenerrimum at a concentration of 1 mg/mL of methanolic extract (88.22%) and in green algae V. pachynema in dichloromethane extract (74.4%). The highest reducing power (0.85) and chelating activity (88.83%) in dichloromethane extract of brown algae S. tenerrimum were obtained. The highest reducing power in dichloromethane extract (0.4) and the highest chelation activity in chloroform extract (81.22%) of green algae V. pachynema were seen. The concentration of 1 mg/mL of dichloromethane has more ability to extract antioxidant compounds compared to other treatments. The brown algae S. tenerrimum showed higher antioxidant power than green algae V. pachynema. Therefore, the algal extract of S. tenerrimum can be a potential source for compounds with antioxidant properties, and additional tests are needed.

The present study was conducted considering the importance of low-fat meat products such as hamburgers with reduced calories and the production of nanoliposomes carrying fish oil as a substitute for fat in the nutritional quality of hamburgers and the production of a beneficial product. For this purpose, the physicochemical properties of nanoliposomes were investigated and nanoliposomes contain fish oil and non-liposome fish oil (5 and 10%) were substituted for fat in the hamburger formulation. The values of pH, protein, fat, ash of the raw sample, caloric content, water holding capacity, moisture, and cooking efficiency were calculated. The particle size and poly dispersity index of liposome were reported as 507.3 nm and 0.567, respectively, with a uniform distribution. The zeta potential of liposomes was evaluated as -12.9 mV and the efficiency of nanocoating was 76.8%. The results showed that the use of nanoliposomes in burgers has increased the water holding capacity and cooking efficiency, as well as reducing the total calories and improving the protein and fat oxidation. Also, after the cooking process, it improved the texture and color. The sensory evaluation of the samples showed that the addition of nano liposomes contains fish oil in the burger received the highest score in terms of texture, taste, smell, color, and overall acceptance. According to the results, it is possible to use encapsulated fish oil in nanoliposomes with the aim of enriching meat burgers and producing burgers with fewer calories without unpleasant odors and tastes.

According to World Health Organization report, each year worldwide, unsafe food causes 600 million food-borne diseases and 420,000 deaths. Additionally, 30% of deaths occur in children under 5 years old. On the other hand, with the increase in people's awareness about nutritional value of food, the dietary trends have led to a continuously increasing demand for ready-to-eat foods. Hence, enhancing food safety is very important for the consumers. The application of modern food preservation methods is quite necessary in order to improve safety and extend shelf life with the lowest adverse effects on the sensory characteristics and nutritional value of seafood products. Non-thermal methods such as high pressure, ultrasonic, cold plasma techniques, and electrolyzed water have been developed to maintain food hygiene or disinfection. In recent years, the use of electrolyzed water (EW), which is obtained by electrolysis of dilute salt solution (NaCl) or hydrogen chloride (HCl), is known as an effective disinfection technique against a wide range of food pathogens. In this review, the effectiveness of using electrolyzed water in aquatic products, as well as their antimicrobial properties against food pathogens, have been investigated.

Gorgan Bay is the largest bay of Iran in the waters of the southeastern shores of the Caspian Sea. In this research, the effect of rivers on the salinity of Gorgan Bay in a period of one year has been investigated using the Mike 21 model on unstructured meshes and under two scenarios of the presence of rivers and the absence of rivers. The results of the research showed that the salinity level in the bay has an increasing trend from east to west in most seasons of the year and the average salinity was 16.4 psu in 2011. The salinity values in Gorgan Bay are closely related to the annual rise and fall of the water level in the Caspian Sea. Based on this, during the hot season of the year and the increase in the water level, the amount of salinity in Gorgan Bay decreases, and vice versa, the amount of salinity increases in the winter season along with the decrease in the water level. The salinity level in the western part of the bay with the maximum salinity of 25.6 psu was modeled more than the other areas due to the increase in water exchange time. From the beginning of autumn to the end of winter, due to the decrease of the water level and the movement of the water masses of the bay from the west to the east, the salinity values in the deep areas of the bay during this period compared to other seasons with a maximum of 16.5 psu increases. The entry of water from the sea into the bay and the evaporation process has the greatest effect on the salinity changes of the bay. The effect of rivers on the salinity changes of the southern coast of the bay has been low. Among the 13 rivers entering the bay, only the Qarasu River has had a larger area of influence (up to a distance of 500 meters from the estuary) compared to other rivers due to its higher water flow. In general, the input of rivers had the least effect on the salinity changes of Gorgan Bay, and the contribution of rivers to the salinity changes of Gorgan Bay was less than two hundred percent in 2011.